表語在系動詞之后說明主語的身份或特征回答是什么或者怎，間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面，同位語通常緊跟在名詞代詞后面進(jìn)一步說明它的情況，第三部分概括大意和完成句子。
句子成分總概括
句子成分：英語句子成分分為七種：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語。
1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用
名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：I’mMiGreen.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動詞擔(dān)
任。如：Jackcleanstheroomeveryday.(杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎
么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如：Mynameis()
4、賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名
詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：Hecanspelltheword.(他能拼這個詞)
有些及物動詞帶有兩個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如：Hewrotemealetter.(他給我寫了一封信)
有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構(gòu)成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強調(diào)間接賓語。如：Hewrotealettertome.(他給我寫了一封信)
5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如：()
6、狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如：Heworks(7、賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞
充當(dāng)。如：Theyusuallykeeptheirclassroomclean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔)/Heoftenhelpsmedomylessons.(他常常幫我做功課)/TheteacherwantedmetolearnFrenchallby.()
☆同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明它的情況。如：()
職稱英語第三部分概括大意與完成句子
概括大意與完成句子
第一篇TheMakingofaSucceStory
1IKEAistheworld'slargestfurnitureretailer,andmanbehinditisIngvarKamprad,oneoftheworld'smostsuccessfulentrepreneurs.BorninSwedenin1926,Kampradwasanaturalbusinessman.Asachild,heenjoyedsellingthingsandmadesmallprofitsfromsellingmatches,seeds,andpencilsinhiscommunity.WhenKampradwas17,hisfathergavehimsomemoneyasarewardforhisgoodgrades.Naturallyheusedittostartupabusiness-IKEA.2IKEA'snamecomesfromKamprad'sinitials(I.K.)andtheplacewherehegrewup(`E`and`A`).TodayIKEAisknownforitsmodern,minimalistfurniture,butitwasnotafurniturecompanyinthebeginning.Rather,IKEAsoldallkindofmiscellaneousgoods,Kamprad'swareincludedanythingthathecouldsellforprofitsatdiscountedprices,includingwatches,pensandstockings.3IKEAfirstbegantosellfurniturethroughamail-ordercataloguein1947.ThefurniturewasalldesignedandmadebymanufacturersnearKamprad'shome.Initialsaleswereveryencouraging,soKampradexpandedtheproductline.FurniturewassuchasuccessfulaspectofthebusinethatIKEAbecamesolelyafurniturecompanyin1951.4In1953IKEAopenditsfirstshowroominAlmhult,Sweden.IKEAisknowntodayforitsspaciousstoreswithfurnitureinattractivesettings,butintheearly1950s,peopleorderedfromcatalogues,Thusresponsetothefirstshowroomwasoverwhelming:peoplelovedbeingabletoseeandtrythefurniturebeforebuyingit.Thisledtoincreasedsalesandthecompanycontinuedtothrive.By1955,IKEAwasdesigningallitsownfurniture.5In1956Kampradsawamandisassemblingatabletomakeiteasiertotransport.Kampradwasinspired.Themanhadgivenhimagreatidea:flatpackaging.FlatpackagingwouldmeanlowershippingcostsforIKEAandlowerpricesforcustomers.IKEAtrieditandsalessoared.Theproblemwasthatpeoplehadtoassemblefurniturethemselves,butovertime,evemthisgrewintoanadvantageforIKEA.Nowadays,IKEAisoftenseenashavingconnotationsofself-sufficiency.Thisimagehasdonewondersforthecompany,leadingtobettersalesandcontinuedexpansion.6Todaythereareover200storesin32countries.Amazingly,IngvarKampradhasmanagedtokeepIKEAaprivately-helpcompany.In2004hewasnamedtheworld'srichestman,HecurrentlylivesinSwitzerlandandisretiedfromtheday-to-dayoperationsofIKEA.IKEAitself,though,justkeepsongrowing.1.Paragraph2__C__.2.Paragraph3__D__.3.Paragraph4__B__.4.Paragraph5___E_.A.IngvarKamprad–abornbusinessmanB.SuccebroughtbytheintroductionofshowroomsC.TheoriginofIKEAD.SpecializationinsellingfurnitureE.Flatpackaging–afeatureofIKEAF.World-wideexpansionofIKEA5.Evenwhenhewasonlyachild,__C__.6.__A__,andyearslaterbecameabigcompanyspecializedinmanufacturingandsellingoffurniture.7.CustomerslikedtheideaofIKEA’sshowroomsbecause__E__.8.AsflatpackagingsavesmoneyforbothIKEAandthecustomers,__B__.A.IKEAbeganasasmallstoresellingallkindsofcheapthings.B.itishighlywelcomedbybothC.IngvarKampradshowedinterestinandtalentfordoingbusiness.D.heliveshappilyinretirementE.heretheycanseeandtrythefurnituretheyaregoingtobuy.F.Ingvarsuccessfullymanagesthecompanyallbyhimself第二篇ThePaperChase
1."Runningahouseislotlikerunningabusiness."saysStephanieDenton,aprofessionalorganizerbasedinCincinnati,Ohio,whospecializesinbothresidentialandcommercialpaperworkandrecordkeeping.Togetasuccessfulgriponorganizingdocuments,bills,andothermaterials,Dentonsuggeststhefollowingtips:2.Createaspaceinwhichyoucanalwaysdoyourpaperwork.Thisisperhapsthemostimportantelementofasuccessfulsystem.Ifyoucan'tdevoteanentiredesktothetask,atleastinvestinarollingfilecarttostoreactivepaperworkandatwo-drawerfilecabinetforfamilyrecords.Storetherollingfilecartwhereveritismostconvenientandcomfortabletodoyourwork.whetherthatisthekitchen,office,orfamilyroom.3.Whenindoubt,throwitout,thefirststeptoimplementingaworkablefillingsystemistoeliminatepaperyoudon'tuse,don'tneed,orthatyoucouldeasilyacceagainelsewhere.Throwoutduplicatestatements,oldcatalogs,andallofthecoupons,mailings,orofferingsyou'llneverhaveanopportunitytouseorevenread.4.Setasidetwodaysamonthtopaybills,ifamonthlyduedatedoesn'tfitintoyourcycle,callupthecreditorandsuggestamoreconvenientdate,keeptwomanilafoldersatthefrontofyoursystemforcurrentbills—onetocorrespondwitheachbill-payingday—andfileallincomingbills.Keepalistinthefrontofeachfolderofwhatneedstobepaidincasetheinvoiceneverarrivesorgetsmisplaces.5.Thinkofyourfillingsystemnotasarigidtool,butasaliving,breathingsystemthatcanaccommodateyourchangingneeds.Agoodfillingsystemisbothmentallyandphysicallyflexible,everyone'sneedsaredifferent,saysDenton,butwhendevisingafillingsystem,askyourself:"WherewouldIlookforthis?"Createmain
headingsforyourfillingsystem,suchasinvestments,Taxes,Children,andsoforth,andfileindividualfoldersunderthemainheadings.Neveroverstuffyourfiles.練習(xí)：
1.Paragraph2___A_______2.Paragraph3____E______3.Paragraph4____F______4.Paragraph5____C_____ http://www.zzlgroo.com alingWithBills5.StephanieDentonisexpertB_.6.Youcanputyourfilecartanywhereyoulike,oncondition_ http://www.zzlgroo.com uponsshouldbethrownawaybecauseA8."Mentallyflexible"indicatesthefact_D_A.theyareuseleB.inpaperchaseC.thatitiseasilyreachedD.thatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentrequirementsE.theyarenotcomfortableF.ininvestingincoupons第三篇：EnglishandEnglishCommunity
1.ThereisnodenyingthatEnglishisausefullanguage.ThepeoplewhospeakEnglishtodaymakeupthelargestspeechcommunityintheworldwiththeexceptionofspeakersofChinese.OriginallytheyweresmalltribesofpeoplefromnorthernEuropewhosettledinEngland.Theirlanguagesbecamemoreandmoresimilartoeachother.Finally,thelanguagehadenoughuniformitytobeusedbyallspeakersinEngland.Thepeoplewereunitedintoaspeechcommunitythroughtheirsharedlanguage.2.Aspeechcommunityissimilartootherkindsofcommunities.Thepeoplewhomakeupthecommunitysharecommonlanguage.Oftentheylivesidebyside,astheydoinaneighborhood,avillage,oracity.Moreoftentheyformawholecountry.Nationalboundaries,however,arenotalwaysthesameastheboundariesofaspeechcommunity.Aspeechcommunityisanygroupofpeoplewhospeakthesamelanguagenomatterwheretheyhappentolive.3.WemaysaythatanyonewhospeaksEnglishbelongstotheEnglishspeechcommunity.Forconvenience,wemayclassifythespeakersintotwogroups:oneinwhichthespeakersuseEnglishastheirnativelanguage,theotherinwhichthespeakerslearnEnglishasasecondlanguageforthepurposeofeducation,commerce,andsoon.4.Englishservesasanalternativelanguageinseveralareasofpublicactivityforthemanynationsoftheworldwhichemployitasaninternationalsecondlanguage.Englishhasbeenadoptedasthelanguageofairtraffic,commerce,aswellasinternationaldiplomacy.Moreover,EnglishisthelanguageofthemajorityofpublishedmaterialsintheworldsothateducationhascometorelyheavilyonanunderstandingofEnglish.5.Learningsecondlanguageextendsone’svisionandexpandsthemind.Thehistoryandliteratureofasecondlanguagerecordtherealandfictionallivesofpeopleandtheirculture;aknowledgeofthemaddstoourabilitytounderstandandtofeelastheyfeel.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguageprovidesanothermeansofcommunicationthroughwhichthewindowoftheentireEnglishspeechcommunitybecomesapartofourheritage.練習(xí)：
1.Paragraph2_____F______2.Paragraph3_____D______3.Paragraph4_____A______4.Paragraph5_______C____A.TheWideUseofEnglishB.HistoricalAccountofEnglishandItsCommunityC.TheAdvantagesofLearningaSecondLanguageD.TheCompositionoftheEnglishCommunityE.TheThreatThatEnglishPosestoOtherLanguagesF.TheDefinitionofaSpeechCommunity5.Onlythroughthesharedlanguage____B___.6.Theideaofthenationalboundariesisoftendifferentfrom___A____.7.Speakersareclassifiedintotwogroups____D___.8.AnunderstandingofEnglish____E___.A.thatofaspeechcommunityB.canaspeechcommunitybeformedC.inordertolearnEnglishbetterD.forthesakeofsimplicity
E.hasplayedanimportantroleinthefieldofeducationF.iswidelyusedinseveralareasofpublicactivity第四篇：Alaska
In1858AmericanswelcomedAlaskaintotheUnionasthe49thstate，symbolizingachangeofattitudethatholdin1867，whenthepeninsulawaspurchasedfromRussia.Then，mostAmericanshadlittleinterestin1，500，000squarekilometers“oficebergsandpolarbear”-beyondCanadaswesternborders， http://www.zzlgroo.com hosesectionsofthestatewhichlieabovetheArcticCircle，Alaskastillisalandoficebergsandpolarbear.Iceburiedintheearth，whichispermanentlyfrozentoadepthof90ormoremeters，F(xiàn)romearlyMayuntilearlyAugust，themidnightsunneversetsonthisflat，treeleregion，butthesuncannotmelttheicysoilmorethantwo-thirdsofameterdown.AlaskaisAmericaslargeststate，butonlyabout325，000peoplelivethere.Accordingtoestimates，800，000hectaresofitslandareaarefitforplowingbutonlyabout640，000hectaresarebeingcultivated.ArcticAlaskahasbeenthehomeofEskimosforcountlecenturies.ItisbelievedthattheEskimosmovedtherefromMongoliaorSiberia，probablycrossingBeringStrait，namedforVitusBering，theDanishseacaptainwhodiscoveredAlaskaonhisvoyageforRussiain1741.TheEskimosarethestatesearliestknowninhabitants.Russianfurtradersestablishedsettlementsbut，bythetimeAlaskawassoldtotheUnitedStates，mostofthetradershaddeparted.In1896goldwasdiscoveredneartheKlondikeRiverinCanadajustacrotheAlaskanborder.ThousandofAmericansrushedtotheregionontheirwaytoKlondike；someneverreturned.Alaskawasnevercompletelycutoffagain，althougheventodaytransportationisamajorproblem.ThereareonlytwomotorroutesfromtheU.Smainland，andwithinthestate，everytownhasitsownairfield.Planesflypassengers，mailandfreighttothemostdistantvillages.ThegoldthatchangedlifesosuddenlyforAlaskawassoonended，andalthoughmanystoriesaboutminingcampshavebecomepartofAmericanliterature，thegoldfromAlaskanearthcontributedletoeconomicprogrethanthefishfromAlaskawaters.Thefishcaughtinasingleyearrangeinvaluefrom$80millionto$90million.Fur-bearinganimalsareplentifulintheforestsandstreams，andvaluablefursealsinhabitthewaters.Afterfishing，thestateschiefindustryislumberandtheproductionofwoodpulp.Inrecentyears，Alaskassinglemostimportantresourcehasbecomeoil.Thestatealsohaslargedepositsofcoal，copper，goldandotherminerals.1.Paragraph3___F_____2.Paragraph4____D_____3.Paragraph5____C_____4.Paragraph6____A_____A）RichresourcesofthestateB）ConnectionswiththeoutsideworldC）TransportationproblemD）ThenativesofthelandE）ColdclimateF）Landandpopulation5.Foraslongasthreemonthsofayear，thesun____D____ontheice-coveredlandofAlaska.6.Accordingtostatistics，______E___ofthetotalareaofAlaskahasbeenusedforfarming.7.AlaskawasoriginallypartofRussia，butwasbought____C___.8.GolddidnotbringtoAlaskaasmuchwealth____A______A.asfishdoesB.becauseofitsrichnaturalresourcesC.bytheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturyD.shinesdayandnightE.onlyaverysmallpercentageF.alimitedamountofthegoldfoundthere.第五篇USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty
1.TheUnitedstateshastakenthefirststeptowardapprovingaglobaltobaccotreatythatpromisestohelpcontrolthedeadlyeffectsoftobaccousethroughouttheworld.HealthandHumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsonsignedtheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl(FCTC)thisweekattheUnitedNations.TheSenatemuststillapprovethetreatybeforetheUScanimplementitsprovisions.2.TheFCTCwasdevelopedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationandapprovedbymembersoftheWorldHealthAssembly,includingtheUnitedStates, http://www.zzlgroo.com untriesthatratifyitwouldberequiredtoenactstricttobaccocontrolpolicies.3.Forinstance,cigarettessoldinthosecountrieswouldhavetohavehealthwarningsonatleast30%ofthefrontandbackofeverypack.Thetreatycallsforhighertobaccotaxes.restrictionsonsmokinginpublicplaces,andmorepromotionoftobaccopreventionandcessationprograms.Italsorequiresbansontobaccoadvertising,thoughtherearesomeexceptionsforcountriesliketheUnitedStates, http://www.zzlgroo.com heUSalone,about440,000peopledieeachyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses;aboutone-thirdofalcancersintheUSarecausedbytobaccouse,Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,WHO
estimates,by2025tobaccowillkill10millionpeopleeachyear.5.Thetreatymustberatifiedbyatleast40countriesbeforeitcantakeeffect.Sofar,109countrieshavesignedit,and12haveratifiedit.練習(xí)
1.Paragraph1____B____.2.Paragraph2_____D_____.3.Paragraph3______A____.4.Paragraph4______E____. http://www.zzlgroo.com SigningoftheFCTCC.OppositiontotheFCTCD.HowtheFCTCCameintoBeingE.WhattheFCTCWillBringAboutF.RatificationoftheFCTC5.SigningtheFCTCisonlythefirststeptoward____B______. http://www.zzlgroo.com untriesthatratifytheFCTCwillhaveto,amongotherthings_____D_____.7.ItishopedthattheFCTCwillgreatlyhelptoreducedeaths______E____.8.MuchmorecountrieshavesignedtheFCTCthatthosethat_______A___.A.haveratifieditB.approvingitC.implementitsprovisionsD.restrictsmokinginpublicplacesE.causedbytobaccouseF.includinghighertobaccotaxes第六篇HowWeFormFirstlmpression
1WeallhavefirstimpressionOfsomeonewejustmet.Butwhy?WhydoweformanopinionaboutSomeonewithoutreallyknowinganythingabouthimorher-asideperhapsfromafewremarksorreadilyobservabletraits.2Theanswerisrelatedtohowyourbrainallowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.Yourbrainissosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits，evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson'seyes，ears，nose，ormouthareplacedinrelationtoeachothermakesyouseehimorherasdifferene1.Infact，yourbraincontinuouslyproceincomingsensoryinformation-thesightsandsoundsofyourworld.Theseincoming"signals"arecomparedagainst2ahostof"memories"storedinthebrainareascalledthecortexsystemtodeterminewhatthesenewsignals"mean".3Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool3，yourbrainsays"familiarandsafe."Ifyouseesomeonenew，itsays，"new-potentially，threatening".Thenyourbrainstartstomatchfeaturesofthisstrangerwithother"known"memories.Theheight，weight，dre，ethnicity，gestures，andtoneofvoiceareallmatchedup.Themoreunfamiliarthecharacteristics，themoreyourbrainmaysay，Thisisnew.Idon'tlikethisperson".Orelse，"I'mintrigued".Oryourbrainmayperceiveanewfacebutfamiliarclothes，ethnicity，gestures-likeyourotherfriends;soyourbrainsays:"Ilikethisperson".Butthesepreliminary"impressions"canbedeadwrong4Whenwestereotypepeople，weusealematureformofthinking(notunliketheimmaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild)thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.Ratherthanlearnaboutthedepthandbreadthofpeople-theirhistory，interest，values，strengths，andtruecharacter-wecategorizethemasjocks，geeks，orfreaks.5However，ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions，wehaveachancetobeawareofwhatapersonistrulylike.Ifwespendtimewithaperson，hearabouthisorherlife，hopes，dreams，andbecomeawareoftheperson'scharacter，weuseadifferent，morematurestyleofthinking-andthemostcomplexareasofourcortex，whichallowustobehumane.練習(xí):
1.Paragraph2__D___2.Paragraph3___C__3.Paragraph4___B__4.Paragraph5___A__AWaysOfDeparturefromImmatureandSimplisticImpressionsBCommentonFirstImpressionCIllustrationOfFirstImpressionDComparingIncomingSensoryInformationAgainstMemoriesEThreateningAspectofFirstImpressionsFDifferencesAmongJocks，GeeksandFreaks5.Sensoryinformationisonethatisperceivedthrough__E___.6.Youinterpret__D___bycomparingitagainstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrain.7.Thewaywestereotypepeopleisalematureformofthinking，whichissimilarto___C__.8.Wecanuseourmorematurestyleofthinkingthanksto___B__.Aastranger'slematuretypeofthinkingBthemostcomplexareasofourcortexCtheimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild
DthemeaningofincomingsensoryinformationEthesightsandsoundsoftheworldFanopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsof第七篇：HowtoArguewithyourBoss
１Beforeyouarguewithyourboss,checkwiththeboss’ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfast,itisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss’ssecretary,therearekeystotiming:don’tapAproachthebowhenhe’sondeadline’;don’tgoinrightbeforelunch,whenheisapttobedistractedandrushed;don’tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastakenavacation.２Ifyou’remad,thatwillonlymakeyourbomad.Calmdownfirst.Anddon’tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration.Thebowillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopeletryingtochangeyourmind.Then,maybehewilldismiyou.３Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacroclearlyinordertomakethebounderstandit.４Yourbohasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore.Ifyoucan’tputforwardanimmediatesolution,atleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblem.Peoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan’tgetpastthesecretary.５Todealeffectivelywithaboss,it’simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertotheboss,thenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkyoutoachieveyourgoals.練習(xí)：
1Paragraph2____Ｄ____2Paragraph3____Ｅ____3Paragraph4______Ｃ__4Paragraph5____Ｂ____A.KeepYourVoiceLowAlltheTimeB.PutYourselfintheBoss’sPositionC.ProposeYourSolutionD.Don’tGoinWhenYouareAngryE.MaketheIssueClearF.NeverGivein5Ifyouwanttoasktheboforanything,itisimportanttofindoutfirst___Ｂ_____.6Itisnecessarytomakecleartotheboss______Ｄ______7Itisnotwisetopresentthebowithaproblem____Ｅ_______8Youmustbeconsiderateandthinkofthetroubles____Ｃ______A.togivetheboyouradviceB.howheisfeelingC.thebomayhaveD.whatyoureallywanttotalktohimaboutE.withoutsuggestingawaytosolveitF.howunhappyyouare第八篇HowWeFormFirstlmpression
1WeallhavefirstimpressionOfsomeonewejustmet.Butwhy?WhydoweformanopinionaboutSomeonewithoutreallyknowinganythingabouthimorher-asideperhapsfromafewremarksorreadilyobservabletraits.2Theanswerisrelatedtohowyourbrainallowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.Yourbrainissosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits，evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson'seyes，ears，nose，ormouthareplacedinrelationtoeachothermakesyouseehimorherasdifferene1.Infact，yourbraincontinuouslyproceincomingsensoryinformation-thesightsandsoundsofyourworld.Theseincoming"signals"arecomparedagainst2ahostof"memories"storedinthebrainareascalledthecortexsystemtodeterminewhatthesenewsignals"mean".3Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool3，yourbrainsays"familiarandsafe."Ifyouseesomeonenew，itsays，"new-potentially，threatening".Thenyourbrainstartstomatchfeaturesofthisstrangerwithother"known"memories.Theheight，weight，dre，ethnicity，gestures，andtoneofvoiceareallmatchedup.Themoreunfamiliarthecharacteristics，themoreyourbrainmaysay，Thisisnew.Idon'tlikethisperson".Orelse，"I'mintrigued".Oryourbrainmayperceiveanewfacebutfamiliarclothes，ethnicity，gestures-likeyourotherfriends;soyourbrainsays:"Ilikethisperson".Butthesepreliminary"impressions"canbedeadwrong44Whenwestereotypepeople，weusealematureformofthinking(notunliketheimmaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild)thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.Ratherthanlearnaboutthedepthandbreadthofpeople-theirhistory，interest，values，strengths，andtruecharacter-wecategorizethemasjocks，geeks，orfreaks.5However，ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions，wehaveachancetobeawareofwhatapersonistrulylike.Ifwespendtimewithaperson，hearabouthisorherlife，hopes，dreams，andbecomeawareoftheperson'scharacter，weuseadifferent，morematurestyleofthinking-andthemostcomplexareasofourcortex，whichallowustobehumane.練習(xí):
1.Paragraph2___D__
2.Paragraph3___C__3.Paragraph4___B__4.Paragraph5____A_AWaysOfDeparturefromImmatureandSimplisticImpressionsBCommentonFirstImpressionCIllustrationOfFirstImpressionDComparingIncomingSensoryInformationAgainstMemoriesEThreateningAspectofFirstImpressionsFDifferencesAmongJocks，GeeksandFreaks5.Sensoryinformationisonethatisperceivedthrough__E___.6.Youinterpret__D___bycomparingitagainstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrain.7.Thewaywestereotypepeopleisalematureformofthinking，whichissimilarto___C__.8.Wecanuseourmorematurestyleofthinkingthanksto__B___.Aastranger'slematuretypeofthinkingBthemostcomplexareasofourcortexCtheimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchildDthemeaningofincomingsensoryinformationEthesightsandsoundsoftheworldFanopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsofthinking第九篇TransportandTrade
１Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromplaceswheretheyareplentifultoplaceswheretheyarescarce，transportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumer，thebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailways，nogoodroads，nocanals，andonlysmallsailingships，tradewasonasmallscale.２Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswereaccompaniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealand，forinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusiness，drawingsuppliesfrom，andsellinggoodsto，allpartsoftheglobe.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlecustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlefoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.３Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.Transporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveonwhatisproducedlocally.Foodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtainedonlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.４Bymovingfuel，rawmaterials，andevenpower，as，forexample，throughelectriccables，transporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransportbecomes， http://www.zzlgroo.com untrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofliving.５Commercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunication，liketelephones，cablesandradio，sendinformationaboutprices，supplies， http://www.zzlgroo.com hisway，advancedcommunicationsystemsalsohelptodeveloptrade.練習(xí)：
1.Paragraph2______Ｂ___2.Paragraph3___Ａ______3.Paragraph4______Ｄ___4.Paragraph5____Ｅ_____A.HigherlivingstandardB.ImportanceoftransportintradeC.VariousmeansoftransportD.Birthoftransport-relatedindustriesandtradeE.RoleofinformationintradeF.Publictransportation5.Thedevelopmentofmodernmeansoftransport_____Ｃ____.6.Onlywhengoodscanbecarriedtoallpartsoftheworldquickly_____Ｄ__7.Transporthasmadeitpossibleforpeopletoeatwhateverfoodtheywant____Ｂ_____. http://www.zzlgroo.com hetradeofmodernsocietythetransmissionofinformationplaysasimportantaroleas_____Ｅ___.A.tosendgoodstovariouspartsoftheworldB.atanytimeduringtheyearC.hasgreatlypromotedtradeD.isitpossibletoproduceonalargescaleE.thetransportofgoodsF.itispossibletoproduceonalargescale第十篇WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage
1Ananimalthatinfluencedscientificthoughthasdied.AchimpanzeenamedWashoeandborninAfricadiedofnaturalcauseslatelastmonthattheageof42ataresearchcenterintheAmericanstateofWashington.Washoehadbecomeknowninthescientificcommunity1andaroundtheworldforherabilitytouseAmericanSignLanguage2.Shewassaidtobethefirstnon-humantolearnahumanlanguage.Herskillsalsoledtodebate3aboutprimatesandtheirabilitytounderstandlanguage.2ResearchscientistsAllenandBeatrixGardnerbeganteachingWashoesignlanguagein1966.In1969，theGardnersdescribedWashoe'sprogreinascientificreport.ThepeoplewhoexperimentedwithWashoesaidshegrewtounderstand4about250words.Forexample，Washoemadesignstocommunicatewhenitwastimetoeat.Shecouldrequestfoodslikeapplesandbananas.Shealsoaskedquestionslike，"Whoiscomingtoplay?"Once5thenewsaboutWashoespread，manylanguagescientistsbeganstudiesoftheirown6intothisnewandexcitingareaofresearch.Thewholedirectionofprimateresearchchanged.3However，criticsarguedWashoeonlylearnedtorepeatsignlanguagemovementsfromwatchingherteachers.Theysaidshehadneverdevelopedtruelanguageskills.Evennowtherearesomeresearcherswhosuggestthatprimateslearnsignlanguageonlybymemory，andperformthesignsonlyforprizes.YetWashoe'skeepersdisagree.RogerFoutsisaformerstudentoftheGardners7.HetookWashoetoaresearchcenterinEllensburg，Washington.There，Washoetaughtsignlanguagetothreeyoungerchimpanzees，whicharestillalive.4ScientistslikeprivateresearcherJaneGoodallbelieve8Washoeprovidednewinformationaboutthementalworkingsofchimpanzees.Today，therearenotasmanyscientistsstudyinglanguageskillswithchimps.Partofthereasonisthatthiskindofresearchtakesaverylongtime.5Debatecontinuesaboutchimps'understandingofhumancommunication.Yet，onethingissure-Washoechangedpopularideasaboutthepossibilitiesofanimalintelligence.練習(xí):
1.Paragraph1___Ｃ__2.Paragraph2___Ｂ__3.Paragraph3___Ｅ__4.Paragraph4____Ａ_AReasonWhyNotManyScientistsCarryoutThisResearchNowdaysBReportaboutWashoe'.sProgreinLearningSignLanguageCGenera1InformationaboutWashoeDTheGardeners'ContributionsRecognizedEDebateonChimps'IntelligenceFWashoe'sLoveforThreeYoungChimps5.Washoecouldmakesignstocommunicate__Ｃ___.6.Somescientistsdoubted__Ａ___.7.Washoetaughtthreeyoungerchimpssignlanguage___Ｄ__.8.TheexperimentersthoughtWashoewasintelligent___Ｅ__.AiftheGardeners'argumentwassoundBbecauseshewasclevererthanotherchimpsCwhenshewantedtoeatDwhileshewasataresearchcenterinEllensburgEbecauseshecouldusesignlanguagetoaskforfruitsFwhileWashoewaslearningsignlanguage第十一篇：IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain'sEconomyGrowing
1．Intoday'sknowledgeeconomy，nationssurviveonthethingstheydobest．JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermensexportengineeringtechniques．TheFrenchserve，thebestfoodandAmericansmakecomputers．2．Britainspecializesinthegiftoftalking．Thenationdoesn'tmanufacturemuchofanything．Butithaslawyers，stylistsandbusineconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalktalkandmoretalk．TheWorldFoundationthinktanksaystheUK'sfouriconicjobstodayarenotscientists，engineers，teachersandnurses．instead，thev'rehairdressers，celebrities，managementconsultantsandmanagers．ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoing?TheBritishgovernmentthinksitcan．3．Althoughthecountry'stradedeficitwasmorethan￡60billionin2006。UK'slargestinthepostwarperiod。Officialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout．Infact，Britaindoeshaveaworldclapharmaceuticalindustry?anditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad．Italsotradesservicesaccountancy，insurance，bankingandadvertising．ThegovernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedgeoftheknowledgeeconomy．Afterall。mecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasaliterarytraditionofwhichtobeproud．Rock'n'rollisanEnglishlanguagemedium。andtherearebillionstobemadebytheircuttingedgebands．Inotherwords，thecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritisheconomy．4．However，creativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK'sexportsofgoodsandservices．Theindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofit，accordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScience。TechnologyandtheArtsThereportshowsonly38percentofBritishcompanieswereengagedin"innovationactivities"，3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowCmcnany(61percent)andSweden(47percent)。5．Infact，itmightbebettertocallBritaina"smwant"economythereareatleast4millionpeople"inservice"．Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocook，clean，andtakecareoftheirchildren。
Manygraduatesareevendoingmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree．Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeen，andwillcontinuetobe，atthelowskillendoftheservicesectorinshops，bars，hotels，domesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes。1.Paragraph2_E__
2.Paragraph3__C_
3.Paragraph4__D_
4.Paragraph5__B_
AGrowthofEconomy
B―Servant‖Economy
CStrengthoftheCreativeEconomy
DWeakneoftheCreativeEconomy
EGiftoftalking來源：教育城外語網(wǎng)
FExportofTalkingMachines
5.Everycountryhasitsownway．_C_．
6.TheBritishgovernmentdoesn'tseem_F_．
7.Thecreativeindustriesfinditdifficult_E_．
8.Manygraduatesareemployed_B_．
A.tofindjobs
B.todolow-skilllobs
C.tofeeditspeople
D.tohandledisputes
E.tomakeaprofit
FtoworryabouttheBritisheconomy
第十二篇：Intelligence:aChangedView
http://www.zzlgroo.com elligencewasbelievedtobeafixedentity,somefacultyofthemindthatweallposseandwhichdeterminesinsomewaytheextentofourachievements.Itsvaluetherefore,wasasapredictorofchildren’sfuturelearning.Iftheydifferedmarkedlyintheirabilitytolearncomplextasks, http://www.zzlgroo.com elligencetestscouldbeusedforstreamingchildrenaccordingtoabilityatanearlyage;andat11thesetestsweresuperiortomeasuresofattainmentforselectingchildrenfordifferenttypesofsecondaryeducation.2.Today, http://www.zzlgroo.com helastfewyears,researchhasthrowndoubtontheviewthatinnateintelligencecaneverbemeasuredandontheverynatureofintelligenceitself.Thereisconsiderableevidencenowwhichshowsthegreatinfluenceofenvironmentbothonachievementandintelligence.Childrenwithpoorhomebackgroundsnotonlydolewellintheirschoolworkandintelligencetestsbuttheirperformancetendstodeteriorategraduallycomparedwiththatoftheirmorefortunateclassmates.3.Thereareevidencesthatsupporttheviewthatwehavetodistinguishbetweengeneticintelligenceandobservedintelligence.Anydeficiencyintheappropriategeneswillrestrictdevelopmentnomatterhowstimulatingtheenvironment.Wecannotobserveandmeasureinnateintelligence, http://www.zzlgroo.com omajorfindingshaveemergedfromtheseresearches.Firstly,thegreaterpartofthedevelopmentofobservedintelligenceoccursintheearliestyearsoflife.Itisestimatedthat50percentofmeasurableintelligenceatage17isalreadypredicablebytheageoffour.Secondly,themostimportantfactorsintheenvironmentarelanguageandpsychologicalaspectsoftheparent-childrelationship.Muchofthedifferenceinmeasuredintelligencebetween―privileged‖and―disadvantaged‖childrenmaybeduetothelatter’slackofappropriateverbalstimulationandthepovertyoftheirperceptualexperiences.5.Theseresearchfindingshaveledtoarevisioninourunderstandingofthenatureofintelligence.Insteadofitbeingsomelargelyinheritedfixedpowerofthemind,wenowseeitasasetofdevelopedskillswithwhichapersoncopeswithanyenvironment.Theseskillshavetobelearnedand,indeed,oneofthemislearninghowtolearn.6.Themodernideasconcerningthenatureofintelligenceareboundtohavesomeeffectonourschoolsystem.Inonerespectachangeisalreadyoccurring.Withthemovetowardcomprehensiveeducationandthedevelopmentofunstreamedclasses,fewerchildrenwillbegiventhelabel―lowIQ‖whichmustinevitablycondemnachildinhisown,ifnotsociety’seyes.Theideathatwecanteachchildrentobeintelligentinthesamewaythatwecanteachthemreadingorarithmeticisacceptedbymoreandmorepeople.練習(xí)：
1.Paragraph2_____C_____2.Paragraph4______A____3.Paragraph5______F____4.Paragraph6______E____ http://www.zzlgroo.com elligenceandAchievementE.ImpactonSchoolEducation
F.AChangedViewofIntelligence5.Itwasoncebelieved____D______,andthuswecantellhowsuccessfulhe/shewillbeinthefutureaccordingtohis/herintelligence.6.Morerecentresearcheshasshownthatintelligenceisonlypartlyinherited___F______.7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatachildwill____B_____ifhehasmoreopportunitiestocommunicatewithothersbymeansoflanguage.8.Childrenwerenotjust____A______,buttheycanbetaughttobemoreintelligentatschool.A.borntobemoreintelligentorleintelligentB.haveabetterchancetodevelophisintelligenceC.taughttobemoreintelligentD.thatintelligencewassomethingababywasbornwithE.andbecauseofthelackofcommunicationwithhisclassmatesF.andpartlyhastodowithachild’slivingenvironment
職稱英語第三部分概括大意和完成句子
第三部分概括大意和完成句子
AStrongGreenhouseGas
1.Methaneisacolorless,odorlegas;itisalsoapotentgreenhousegas,andoncereleasedintotheatmosphere,itabsorbsheatradiatingfromEarth’ssurface.
2.With13billioncowsbelchingalmostconstantlyaroundtheworld,it’snosurprisethatmethanereleasedbylivestockisoneofthechiefglobalsourcesofthegas.
3.GreenhousegaseslikemethaneandcarbondioxidemakeuponlyasmallpartofEarth’satmosphere,whichis78percentnitrogenandnearly21percentoxygen.
4.Atmosphericconcentrationsofmethanehavemorethandoubleinthelasttwocenturies.
http://www.zzlgroo.com wsmunchmostlygrassesandhay-yettheygrowbigandhefty.
6.That’swhywesaylivestockgasisalsoamajorfactorofcausingtheglobalwarming.3.Paragraph46.Greenhousegasesareindispensabletomankind,buttheproblemmankindisfacedtheplanet’stemperaturerise.
8.NothinghasbeenmentionedinthepassageaboutCompactDisks
1.IfsomeonesaystoyouyourmusicCDsdon’treallyholdanymusiconthem,and
theyonlyhavenumbersrecordedonthem,youmaynotbeliveit.
2.AsmalllaserbeamshinesontothebumpsastheCDturns.
3.Digitalcodesareusedwithmanytechnologies.
4.Therearemanytypesofcompactdisks.
5.CDswerefirstsoldtothepublicin1982.
6.ScienceKeepsondeveloping.
1.2.3.4.5.floppydisks.
6.TheauthorpredictsitwillnorBtakemanymoreyearsbeforeanewtechnologeis
inventedformusicrecording.
7.Thelaserbeam-emittingdeviceandthereceiverareconsiderdto
8.HowWeFormFirstImpression
1.Weallhavefirstimpressionofsomeonewejustmet.
2.Theanswerisrelatedtohowyourbrainallowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.
3.Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool3,yourbrainsays“familiarand
safe.”
4.Whenwestereotypepeople,weusealematureformofthinkingthatmakes
simplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.
5.However,ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions,wehaveachancetobe
awareofwhatapersonistrulylike.
1.2.3.4.
5.6.Youbycomparingit
againstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrain.
7.Thewaywestereotypepeopleisalematureformofthinking,whichissimilarto
8.IcyMicrobes
1.InicethathassealedasaltyAntarcticlakeformorethan2,800years,scientists
havefoundfrozenbacteriaandalgaethatreturnedtolifeafterthawing.
2.AresearchteamIedbyPeterDoranoftheUniversityoflllinotsatChicagodrilled
throughmorethan39feetoficetocollectsamplesofbacteriaandalgae.
3.Doransaidthemicrobeshavebeenage-datedat2,800yearsold,butevenolder
microbesmaylivedeeperintheicesheetsealingthelake,andinthebrinywaterbelowtheice.
4.CalledLakeVida,the4.5-square-kilometerbodyisoneofaseriesoflakeslocated
intheMcMurdoDryValleysofAntarctica,some2,200kilometersduesouth2ofNewZealand.
5.Thatpromptedtheresearcherstoreturnin1996withequipmenttodrillahole
downtowithinafewfeetofthewaterlayer.
6.Theresearcherswillreturnin2004equippedwithinstrumentsthataresterilized.
1.2.3.4.5.6.
7.Whatthescientistswilldoin8.LEDLighting
1AnaccidentaldiscoveryannouncedrecentlyhastakenLEDlightingtoanewlevel,suggestingitcouldsoonofferacheaper,longer-lastingalternativetothetraditionallightbulb.
2.MichaelBowers,agraduatestudent2aiVanderbiltUniversity,wasjusttryingtomakereallysmallquanturndots,whicharecrystalsgenerallyonlyafewnanometetsbig.
3.Whenyoushinealightonquanturndotsorapplyelectricitytothem,theyreactbyproducingtheirownlight,normallyabright,vibrantcolor.
4.ThenBowersandanotherstudentgottheideatostirthedotsintopolyurethaneandcoatablueLEDlightbulbwiththemix.
5.LEDsproducetwiceasmuchlightasaregular60wattbulbandburnfouover50,000hours.
6.Quanturndotmixturescouldbepaintedonjustaboutanything5andelectricallyexcitedtoproducearainbowofcolors,includingwhite.6.Edison’sbrightinventionislikelyto7.SomethingunexpectedhappenedduringBower’
MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThing
1Althoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown,newresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.
2InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup’9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleep,aswellasanumberofothersleepproblems,thanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight.
3.Thesefindings,whichDr.DanielKripkereportedinthejournalpsychosomaticMedicine3,demonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetaside4morethan8hoursanight.
4.Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep-forinstance,onereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplethan7hours
eachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.
5.Forthecurrentreport,Kripkereviewedtheresponsesof1,004adultstosleepquestion-naires,inwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleepproblem.
6.Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours.5.Togetagoodnight’7.Oneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenight,unabletohaveahigherriskofdying.
MoreRuralResearchIsNeeded
1.Agriculturalresearchfundingisvitaliftheworldistofeeditselfbetterthanit
doesnow.
2.“Theglobaldeclineininvestmentininternationalagriculturalresearchmustbe
reversedifsignificantprogreistobemadetowardsreducingmalnutritionandpoverty,”hesaid.
3.Researchisneededtosolvefoodproduction,landdegradation2andenvironmental
problems.
4.Thedevelopingworldwasinvestingabout0.5%,or$8billionayear,ofits
agriculturalgrodomesticproduct(GDP)on5research,andthedevelopedworldwasspending2.5%ofitsGDP.
5.Hesaidcropresearchcouldproducetechnologiesthatspreadacromany
countries,suchaswheatproductionresearchhavingspin-offsMexico,ChinaorIndia6.
6.“Technologiesstillneedtoberefinedforthelocalconditionsbutalotofthe
strategicresearchcanhaveglobalapplication,sothatmoneycanbeusedveryefficiently,”Dr.Fischersaid.
7.Yieldsofrice,wheatandmaizehavegrownimpressivelyinthepast30years,
especiallyindevelopingcountries.
1.2.3.4.5.Dr.Fischerclaimsthatagriculturewillcontinueto6.7.Theinvestmentcanberegardedasefficient
8.SootandSnow:aHotCombination
1.NewresearchfromNASAscientistssuggestsemissionsofblacksootalterthewaysunlightreflectsoffsnow.
2.SootinthehigherlatitudesoftheEarth,whereiceismorecommon,absorbsmoreofthesun’senergyandwarmththananicy,whitebackground.
3.Sootinareaswithsnowandicemayplayanimportantroleinclimatechange.
4.Hansenfoundsoot’seffectonsnowalbedo(solarenergyreflectedbacktospace),which1maybecontributingtotrendstowardearlyspringsintheNorthenHemisphere,suchasthinningArcticseaice,meltingglaciersandpermafrost.
5.”Blackcarbonreducestheamountofenergyreflectedbysnowbackintospace,thushestingthesnowfurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbon2,”Hansensaid.
6.Hansencautioned,althoughtheroleofsootinalteringglobalclimateissubstantial,itdoesnotalterthefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury.
http://www.zzlgroo.com hetwentiethcentury,ScreenTest
1.EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreast
cancer.
2.Butthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenare
controversial,partlybecausetheradiationbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.
3.ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversity1ofValenciaanalysedtheeffectof
screeningmorethan160,000womenat11localclinis.
4.ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain’sNationalRadillogical
ProtectionBoardpredictedthatthescreeningprogrammewouldcause36cancersper100,000women,18ofthemfatal.
5.Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersis“notvery
significant”comparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredand
6.7.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.
8.1.
2.3.4.5.6.7.8.1.2.
3.4.5.6.7.8.treated.Butthey,pointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcanverfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45,becausetheywouldbeexposedtoleradiation.“Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisks,” http://www.zzlgroo.com layingtheageatwhichscreeningstarismayTheMirSpaceStationTheRussianMirSpaceStation,whichcamedownin2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.DuringMir’slifetime,RussiaspentaboutUS$4.2billiontobuildandmaintainthestation.TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwerenotRussian.Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovidedRussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperating,butalsogavetheAmericansandtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperienceinlong-termflightandmultinationaloperations.AdebatecontinuesoverMir’ http://www.zzlgroo.com spitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished,1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.Mostoftheseproblemswererepaired,withAmericanhelpandsuppliers,butMir’sreputationasaspacestationwasruined.Mir’ssetbacksarenothing,though5,whenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.MirenhancedtheconfidenceinthescientiststhathumanslivinginspaceforaTheTiniestElectricMotorintheWorld
1.Scientistsrecentlymadepublicthetiniestelectricmotorever1built.
2.Themotorworksbyshufflingatomsbetweentwomoltenmetaldropletsina
cartonnanotube..
3.Thetechniqueexploitsthefactthatsurfacetension-thetendencyofatomsor
moleculestoresistseparating-becomesmoreimportantatsmallscales.
4.Althoughtheamountofenergyproducedissmall-20microwatts-itisquite
impressiveinrelationtothetinyscaleofthemotor.
5.In1988,ProfessorRichardMullerandcolleaguesmadethefirstoperating
micromotor,whichwas100micronsacross,oraboutthethickneofahumanhair.
6.Nanotechnologyengineerstrytomimicnature,buildingthingsatom-by-atom.
1.paragraph2ETheWorkingPrincipleoftheNanomotor
2.paragraph4BADescriptionoftheNanomotorinTermsofPowerandSize
3.paragraph5DPreviousInventionsofNanoscaleProducts
4.paragraph6FPossibleFieldsofApplicationintheFuture
5.DoctorsenvisionthatthenanomotorwouldtravelthroughhumanbodiestoA
removedisease
6.SurfacetensionmeansthetendencyofatomsormoleculestoBresistseparating
7.NanoconveyorscouldbeusedtoFtransportnanoscaleobjects.
8.ApplyingasmallelectriccurrentcausesatomstoCshufflebetweentwomolten
metaldroplets
WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage
1.Ananimalthatinfluencedscientificthoughthasdied.
2.ResearchscientistsAllenandBeatrixGardnerbeganteachingWashoesign
languagein1966.
3.However,criticsarguedWashoeonlylearnedtorepeatsignlanguagemovement
fromwatchingherteachers.
4.ScientistslikeprivateresearcherJaneGoodallbelieve8Washoeprovidednew
informationaboutthementalworkingsofchimpanzees.
http://www.zzlgroo.com batecontinuesaboutchimps’understandingofhumancommunication.
1.2.3.4.paragraph45.6.7.8.