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2016年12月英語六級新學(xué)術(shù)講座聽力試題分析
英語六級考試聽力占35%，可見聽力在考試中的重要性。下面是yjbys網(wǎng)小編提供給大家關(guān)于英語六級新學(xué)術(shù)講座聽力試題分析，希望對大家的備考有所幫助。
Today, class, I am going to speak to you about theIndustrial Revolution. The term "industrialrevolution" refers to the technological, social,economic, and cultural changes that occurred inEngland in the late eighteenth century. This changeeventually spread around the world, creating many big cities. (16) Before the IndustrialRevolution, the production and harvesting of products was completed through manual labor.The Industrial Revolution replaced this manpower with machine power.
One of the first, and perhaps most important, developments of the Industrial Revolution wasthe steam engine. This advance in transportation allowed for the faster delivery ofmanufactured goods. However, the steam engine wasn't only used for transportation butinstead for the construction of machine engines that made faster production possible. Forexample, before the Industrial Revolution, most tasks were done by either wind or water poweror by the strength of man or horse. But, in 1698, a man by the name of Thomas Saveryconstructed the first steam-powered engine in London. (17) Thomas Savery, an engineer andinventor, patented a machine that could effectively draw water from flooded mines using steampressure.
The development of the steam engine caused a host of other changes technologically, socially,and economically within British culture. Steam engine technology led to the development offactories, where products were turned out in the hundreds or even thousands. The factoryindustry eventually gave rise to what we now know as the modem city. (18) Manchester, forexample, due to its cotton mills, became known as Cottonopolis because there were so manyfactories producing textiles. However, these early cities were not as clean or well kept as theones we are familiar with today. Along with the growth of industry came the increase ofsometimes hard or dirty living conditions. Children were forced to work long hours in factoriesuntil the Factory Act of 1833 came into effect, which stated that children under nine were notallowed to work and children over nine were not to work at night or for more than twelve-hourshifts. (19) Trade unions were also born out of the Industrial Revolution, giving workers rightsand freedoms that they had not had in the past.
Before the Industrial Revolution, working conditions for British workers was not favorable.Men, women, and children worked long hours for little money. The poor conditions of theworking class caused many educated British historians and authors to write manifestosexpressing great sorrow for the working class. And even those that were not British, such asFriedrich Engels, a German political philosopher, used England as a model for change when hewrote The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844. Within this text, Engels spoke ofthe Industrial Revolution and how it was to change the whole fabric of society.
16. What changes did the Industrial Revolution bring about in agriculture?
17. What was the first steam-powered engine used for?
18. Why was Manchester also called Cottonopolis?
19. What was the function of trade unions in Britain at that time?
同學(xué)們，今天我要講的是工業(yè)革命。“工業(yè)革命”這個詞指的是18世紀(jì)末出現(xiàn)在英國的科技、社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化等領(lǐng)域的變革。這一變革最終蔓延到了世界各地，催生了很多大城市。工業(yè)革命前，生產(chǎn)和收獲完全是通過人力勞動完成的，而工業(yè)革命用機(jī)械動力取代了人力。
工業(yè)革命中第一批，或許也是最重要的發(fā)明之一是蒸汽機(jī)。在交通運(yùn)輸上的這一進(jìn)步使得生產(chǎn)出來的產(chǎn)品更快被送往各地。然而，蒸汽機(jī)并沒有只應(yīng)用到了運(yùn)輸業(yè)，它也被用到了在機(jī)器引擎制造中，從而加速了生產(chǎn)。比如，工業(yè)革命以前，大部分工作由風(fēng)能、水能、人力或馬匹完成。但是，1698年，托馬斯·薩弗里制造出了倫敦第一個蒸汽發(fā)動機(jī)。托馬斯·薩弗里是一位工程師和發(fā)明家。他把這個可以利用蒸汽壓力高效率地從水井中抽水的機(jī)器注冊了專利。
蒸汽引擎的發(fā)明給英國文化的各個方面，包括科技、社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)，帶來了很多其他的變化。蒸汽引擎技術(shù)導(dǎo)致了工廠的產(chǎn)生，工廠是批量生產(chǎn)商品的地方。而工業(yè)最終導(dǎo)致了我們現(xiàn)在所說的現(xiàn)代城市的產(chǎn)生。曼徹斯特棉花廠林立，是眾多紡織廠的所在地，故被稱為“棉都”。然而，這些城市早期并不像現(xiàn)在我們所熟悉的它們一樣清潔而有秩序。隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了生存環(huán)境的惡化。直到1833年《工廠法》生效以前，兒童被迫在工廠中長時間工作�！豆S法》規(guī)定9歲以下兒童不允許在工廠中工作;9歲以上兒童不允許上夜班或輪班超過12個小時。工會也在工業(yè)革命期間誕生，給予了工人以往不曾有過的權(quán)利和自由。
工業(yè)革命以前，英國工人工作環(huán)境惡劣。男性、女性以及兒童長時間工作，報酬卻很少。工人階級所處的惡劣環(huán)境讓英國受過高等教育的歷史學(xué)家和作家們不禁寫文章抒發(fā)他們對工人階層的無比憐憫之情。甚至一些非英國人士，例如德國政治哲學(xué)家，弗里德里希·恩格斯在1844年創(chuàng)作《英國工人階級狀況》一書時將英國作為變革的模板。在書中，恩格斯闡述了工業(yè)革命以及它將如何改變整個社會。
16.工業(yè)革命給農(nóng)業(yè)帶來了什么變化?
17.第一臺蒸汽發(fā)動機(jī)的用途是什么?
18.曼徹斯特為什么被稱為“棉都”?
19.工業(yè)革命時期英國工會的職能是什么?
參考答案：
【小題16】D
【小題17】A
【小題18】C
【小題19】C
習(xí)題解析：
【小題16】講座開頭講到了工業(yè)革命指的是出現(xiàn)在英國 18 世紀(jì)末的技術(shù)、社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化上的變革，其中特別提到 Before the Industrial Revolution, the production and harvesting of products wascompleted through manual labor. The Industrial Revolution replaced this manpower withmachine power.由此可知，工業(yè)革命前，生產(chǎn)和收獲完全是通過人力完成的，而工業(yè)革命用機(jī)械動力取代了人力。故選項 D 正確。其他選項講座中未提及，均排除。
【小題17】講座中提到 1698 年，托馬斯·塞維利發(fā)明了蒸汽動力引擎，之后對托馬斯·基維利本人和他的發(fā)明做了簡要介紹，提到 Thomas Savery, an engineer and inventor, patented a machine that couldeffectively draw water from flooded mines using steam pressure.由此可知，托馬斯·塞維利利用蒸汽壓力發(fā)明了一個機(jī)器用來抽取礦井水，所以第一臺蒸汽動力的引擎是用來抽井水的，故選項 A 為答案。
【小題18】講座中明確提到 Manchester, for example, due to its cotton mills, became known asCottonopolis because there were so many factories producing textiles.由此可知，曼徹斯特棉花廠林立，是眾多紡織廠的所在地，故被稱為“棉都”。故選項 C 為答案。其他選項內(nèi)容在講座中并未提及，均排除。
【小題19】講座中明確提到 Trade unions were also born out of the Industrial Revolution, givingworkers rights and freedoms that they had not had in the past.由此可知誕生于工業(yè)革命時期的工會能夠給予工人以往不曾有過的權(quán)利和自由，故選 C 為答案。
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