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公共英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀文章《國(guó)際商業(yè)和跨文化交流》
公共英語(yǔ)四級(jí)難度有點(diǎn)大,考生不認(rèn)真?zhèn)淇嫉脑,很容易就?huì)丟分。下面,小編為大家整理了一篇公共英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀文章,希望對(duì)大家有用。
International Business and Cross-cultural Communication
The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.
Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.
In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator's role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.
In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.
Clearly, perceptions and differences in values affect the outcomes of negotiations and the success of negotiators. For Americans to play a more effective role in international business negotiations, they must put forth more effort to improve cross-cultural understanding.
國(guó)際商業(yè)和跨文化交流
國(guó)際貿(mào)易和海外投資的增加產(chǎn)生了對(duì)具有外語(yǔ)知識(shí)和跨文化交流技巧的經(jīng)理的需求。然而,美國(guó)人在這兩方面未得到良好的訓(xùn)練,因此沒有在國(guó)際談判中象他們的外國(guó)對(duì)手一樣成功。
談判是為了達(dá)成協(xié)議而反復(fù)交流的過(guò)程。它包括說(shuō)服和妥協(xié)。但是為了去進(jìn)行說(shuō)服和妥協(xié),談判者必須懂得在談判的文化中怎樣說(shuō)服人和怎樣達(dá)成妥協(xié)。
在國(guó)外的國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中,美國(guó)人被視為富有和不帶個(gè)人情感。在外國(guó)談判者看來(lái),似乎美國(guó)人代表著一個(gè)龐大的擁有數(shù)百萬(wàn)資財(cái)?shù)拇笃髽I(yè),不用進(jìn)一步地討價(jià)還價(jià)就能出得起價(jià)錢。美國(guó)談判者的角色變成了一個(gè)沒有個(gè)人感情的信息及現(xiàn)金的供應(yīng)者。
對(duì)在國(guó)外的美國(guó)談判者的研究中,我們找出了損害談判者能力的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn),或許證實(shí)這個(gè)已成定式的看法。尤其引起跨文化誤解的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)是美國(guó)談判者的直截了當(dāng)和缺乏耐心。此外,美國(guó)談判者經(jīng)常堅(jiān)持實(shí)現(xiàn)短期目標(biāo),而外國(guó)的談判者會(huì)珍視建立談判者之間的聯(lián)系并愿意為長(zhǎng)期利益投入時(shí)間。為了鞏固這種聯(lián)系,他們會(huì)選擇非直接的交流而不計(jì)較投入用于了解對(duì)方的時(shí)間。
明顯地,價(jià)值觀的不同和理解上的差異影響了談判的結(jié)果和談判者的成功與否。美國(guó)人要在國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中扮演更為有效的角色,他們就必須投入更多的努力提高跨文化的理解力。
附:公共英語(yǔ)閱讀技巧
1.整體把握文章的脈絡(luò)至關(guān)重要。
段落信息匹配題的題目的順序與文章的行文順序完全不符,這就要求考生在閱讀文章時(shí)整體把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和脈絡(luò),熟悉文章的寫作思路,基本能做到理解每題的中心思想后,能大體定位到文章的相應(yīng)部分,而不是漫無(wú)目的地在全文的每個(gè)段落里搜尋。如樣題中的文章:首先引出話題;中間部分主要談?wù)搩煞矫娴膬?nèi)容—大學(xué)在全球網(wǎng)羅人才和開展工作,同時(shí)大學(xué)也在重塑研究方法;最后是大學(xué)全球化的影響和作用。把文章這樣分成四個(gè)部分以后,根據(jù)每個(gè)題目的內(nèi)容,就可以找到大體的位置。
2.準(zhǔn)確理解題目的內(nèi)容是前提。
每一道題都是原文信息的再現(xiàn)或轉(zhuǎn)述,只有理解了題目所述內(nèi)容,才能做好后面的段落信息定位。理解題目?jī)?nèi)容的關(guān)鍵是:抓句子的主干。冗長(zhǎng)的句子,只要抓住了其主干,就不難理解句子的主要含義了。
3.找準(zhǔn)題目中的定位關(guān)鍵詞是關(guān)鍵。
每一道題都是原文信息的再現(xiàn)或轉(zhuǎn)述,只要找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞才能準(zhǔn)確定位到原文的段落中。關(guān)鍵詞多為:a. 名詞或名詞短語(yǔ),這類詞是題目和文章談?wù)摰膶?duì)象,同義替換的可能性較小,是比較可靠的定位關(guān)鍵詞,如樣題中第46題中的American universities, global careers, internship 都可以在原文中直接找到;b.數(shù)字,如數(shù)量、年份等,這類詞同義替換的可能性非常小,是較理想的定位關(guān)鍵詞,如樣題中第47題中的3.9 percent, 是原文信息的再現(xiàn);c. 專有名詞,如人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名、特殊物質(zhì)等,這類詞幾乎沒有同義替換或轉(zhuǎn)述的可能性,是非常理想的定位關(guān)鍵詞,如樣題中第55題中的Danah Boyd就是一個(gè)專有名詞,可以在原文中直接找到。
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