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2016下半年公共英語(yǔ)PETS-5級(jí)模擬試卷
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Section III Reading Comprehension
(50 minutes)
Part A：Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1
Today TV audiences all over the world are accustomed to the sight of American astronauts in tip-top condition, with fair hair, crew-cuts, good teeth, an uncomplicated sense of humour and a severely limited non-technical vocabulary.
What marks out an astronaut from his earthbound fellow human beings is something of a difficult problem.Should you wish to interview him, you must apply beforehand, and you must be prepared for a longish wait, even ifyour application meets with success. It is, in any case, out of the question to interview an astronaut about his familylife or personal activities, Because all the astronauts have contracts with an American magazine under conditions for-bidding any unauthorized disclosures about their private lives.
Certain obvious qualities are needed. Anyone who would be a spaceman must be in perfect health, must havepowers of concentration( since work inside a spacecraft is exceptionally demanding)and must have considerable cour-age. Again, space-work calls for dedication. Courage and dedication are particularly essential. In the well-knowncase of the Challenger seven crew members lost their lives in space because of the faulty equipment in the shuttle.Another must be outstanding scientific expertise. It goes without saying that they all have to have professional aero-nautical qualifications and experience.
A striking feature of the astronauts is their ages. For the younger man, in his twenties, say, space is out. Onlyone of the fifty men working for NASA in 1970 was under 30. The oldest astronaut to date is Alan Shepard,America's first man in space, who, at nearly fifty, was also the man who captained Apollo 13. The average age isthe late thirties. The crew members of Apollo 11 were all born well before the Second World War. In 1986 the Chal-lenger astronauts had an average age of 39. The range was from 35 to 46.
In a society where marital continuity is not always exhibited, the astronauts' record in this respect hits you in theeye. Of all the married men in NASA group, only two or three are divorced from their wives. Mind you, it is hardto tell whether something in the basic character of an astronaut encourages fidelity or whether the selection processdemands that a candidate should be happily married.
The NASA astronauts live in unattractive small communities dotted here and there around the base in Texas.You would expect them to f'md their friends from among their professional associates, But this is not the case. Rath-er, they prefer to make friends with the normal folk in their districts. Astronauts, like everybody else, must get fedup with talking shop all the time, and whereas they are indeed an elite, their daily life outside work should be as nor-mal as possible, if only for the sake of their families.
As for the astronauts' political leanings, they seem to be towards the right. This may be due to the fact that a large proportion of the astronauts have a military background. On the other hand, it could be just coincidence.
51. Details of the private life of an astronaut are hard to come by, Because they are __________
[A] his own business and privacy
[B] secrets as far as interviews are concerned
[C] the property of an American magazine
[D] the first-rate national confidential information
52. To audience, the typical American astronaut __________
[A] has a limited vocabulary
[B] is a clean-cut, cheerful and frank guy
[C] can't understand a sophisticated joke
[D] is well-built but rather slow-witted
53. In politics, astronauts are generally__________
[A] democrats
[a] republicans
[C] conservatives
[D] communists
54. The phrase" talking shop" ( Line 4, Para. 6 ) probably means __________
[A] talking about shopping
[B] discussing one's work with colleagues
[C] exchanging personal news
[D] talking with friends in a group
55. Which of the statements is NOT true?
[A] Astronauts have a good job which demands high.
[B] The divorce rate in NASA is very low.
[C] The NASA astronauts mostly find friends from among their work.
[D] There is no younger man in his twenties in the spaceship.
Text 2
Defenders of special protective labor legislation for women often maintain that eliminating such laws would de-stroy the fruits of a century-long struggle for the protection of women workers. Even a brief examination of the his-toric practice of courts and employers would show that the fruit of such laws has been bitter; they are, in practice,more of a curse than a blessing.
Sex-defined protective laws have often been based on stereotypical assumptions concerning women' s needs andabilities, and employers have frequently used them as legal excuses for discriminating against women. After the Sec-ond World War, for example, businesses and government sought to persuade women to vacate jobs in factories, thusmaking room in the labor force for returning veterans. The revival or passage of state laws limiting the daily orweekly work hours of women conveuiently accomplished this. Employers had only to declare that overtime hourswere a necessary condition of employment or promotion in their factory, and women could be quite legally fired,refused jobs, or kept at low wage levels, all in the name of "protecting" their health. By validating such laws whenthey are challenged by lawsuits, the courts have colluded over the years in establishing different, less advantageousemployment terms for women than for men, thus reducing women"s competitiveness on the job market. At the sametime, even the most well-intentioned lawmakers, courts, and employers have often been blind to the real needs ofwomen. The lawmakers and the courts continue to permit employers to offer employee health insurance plans thatcover all known human medical disabilities except those relating to pregnancy and Childbirth.
Finally, labor laws protecting only special groups are often ineffective at protecting the workers who are actuallyin the workplace. Some chemicals, for example, pose reproductive risks for women of childbearing years; manufac-turers using the chemicals comply with laws protecting women against these hazards by refusing to hire them. Thus the sex-defined legislation protects the hypothetical female worker, but has no effect whatever on the safety of anyactual employee. The health risks to male employees in such industries cannot be negligible, since chemicals toxic e-nough to cause birth defects in fetuses or sterility in women are presumably harmful to the human metabolism. Pro-tectiv—— laws aimed at changing production materials or techniques in order to reduce such hazards would benefit allemployees without discriminating against any.
In sum, protective labor laws for women are discriminatory.and do not meet their intended purpose. Legislatorsshould recognize that women are in the work force to stay, and that their needs--good health care, a decent wage,and a safe workplace--are the needs of all workers. Laws that ignore these facts violate women's rights for equalprotection in employment.
56. According to the author, which of the following resulted from the passage or revival of state laws limiting
the work hours of women workers?
[A] Women workers were compelled to leave their jobs in factories.
[B] Many employers had difficulty in providing jobs for returning veterans.
[C] Many employers found it hard to attract women workers.
[D] The health of most women factory workers improved.
57. According to the first paragraph of the passage, the author considers which of the following to be most help-ful in determining the value of special .protective labor legislation for women?
[A] A comparative study of patterns of work-related illnesses in states that had such laws and in states that did not.
[B] An estimate of how many women workers are in favor of such laws.
[C] An analysis of the cost to employers of complying with such laws.
[D] An examination of the actual effects that such laws have had in the past on women workers.
58. The main point of the passage is that special protective labor laws for women workers are__________
[A] unnecessary because most workers are well protected by existing labor laws
[B] harmful to the economic interests of women workers while offering them little or no actual protection
[C] not worth preserving even though they do represent a hardwon legacy of the labor movement
[D] controversial because male workers receive less protection than they require
59. The author implies that which of the following is characteristic of many employee health insurance plans?
[A] They cover all the common medical conditions affecting men, but only some of those affecting women.
[B] They lack the special provisions for women workers that proposed special labor laws for women would provide.
[C] They pay the medical costs associated with pregnancy and childbirth only for the spouses of male em-ployees, not for female employees.
[D] They meet minimum legal requirements, but do not adeqately safeguard the health of either male or female employees.
60. According to the passage, special labor laws protecting women workers tend generally to have which of the following effects?
[A] They tend to modify the stereotypes employees often hold concerning women.
[B] They increase the advantage to employers of hiring men instead of women, making it less likely that women will be hired.
[C] They decrease the likelihood that employers will offer more protection to women workers than that which is absolutely required by law.
[D] They increase the tendency of employers to deny health insurance and disability plans to women workers.
Text 3
Before a big exam, a sound night's sleep will do you better than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is thefolk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studiescannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is whenpermanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then "edited" at night,to flush away what is superfluous.
To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after adecade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. Theparticular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when brainand body are active, heart rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as i!watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that peopleare most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.
Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task duringthe day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, inresponse to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster.What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern--what is referred to as"artificial grammar". Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was presen!than when there was not.
What is more, those with more to learn ( i. e. the "grammar", as well as the mechanical task of pushing thebutton) have more active brains. The "editing" theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuliwould be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposedto unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.
The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactiva-tion during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now, onthe eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the nextday are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.
61. Researchers in behavioral psychology are divided with regard to__________
[A] how dreams are modified in their courses
[B] the difference between sleep and wakefulness
[C] why sleep is of great benefit to memory
[D] the functions of a good night' s sleep
62. As manifested in the experimental study, rapid eye movement is characterized by__________
[A] intensely active bralnwave traces
[B] subjects' quicker response times
[C] complicated memory patterns
[D] revival of events in the previous day
63. By referring to the artificial grammar, the author intends to show__________
[A] its significance in the study
[B] an inherent pattern being learnt
[C] its resemblance to the lights
[D] the importance of a night' s sleep
64. tn their study, researchers led by Pierre Maquet took advantage of the technique of__________
[A] exposing a long-held folk wisdom
[B] clarifying the predictions on dreams
[C] making contrasts and comparisons
[D] correlating effects with their causes
65. What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day?
[A] Memorizing grammar with great efforts.
[B] Study textbooks with close attention.
[C] Have their brain images recorded.
[D] Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.
Historians tend to tell the same joke when they are describing history education in America. It’s the one 61 the teacher standing in the schoolroom door 62 goodbye to students for the summer and calling 63 them, "By the way, we won World War II."
The problem with the joke, of course, is that it’s 64 funny. The recent surveys on 65 illiteracy (無(wú)知) are beginning to numb(令人震驚): nearly one third of American 17-year-olds cannot even 66 which countries the United States 67 against in that war. One third have no 68 when the Declaration of Independence was 69 . One third thought Columbus reached the New World after 1750. Two thirds cannot correctly 70 the Civil War between 1850 and 1900. 71 when they get the answers right, some are 72 guessing.
Unlike math or science, ignorance of history cannot be 73 connected to loss of international 74 . But it does affect our future 75 a democratic nation and as individuals. The 76 news is that there is growing agreement 77 what is wrong with the 78 of history and what needs to be 79 to fix it. The steps are tentative (嘗試性的) 80 yet to be felt in most classrooms.
61. A) about B) in C) for D) by
62. A) shaking B) waving C) nodding D) speaking
63. A) in B) after C) for D) up
64. A) rarely B) so C) too D) not
65. A) historical B) educational C) cultural D) political
66. A) distinguish B) acknowledge C) identify D) convey
67. A) defeated B) attacked C) fought D) struck
68. A) sense B) doubt C) reason D) idea
69. A) printed B) signed C) marked D) edited
70. A) place B) judge C) get D) lock
71. A) Even B) Though C) Thus D) So
72. A) hardly B) just C) still D) ever
73. A) exclusively B) practically C) shortly D) directly
74. A) competitiveness B) comprehension C) community D) commitment
75. A) of B) for C) with D) as
76. A) fine B) nice C) surprising D) good
77. A) to B) with C) on D) of
78. A) consulting B) coaching C) teaching D) instructing
79. A) done B) dealt C) met D) reached
80. A) therefore B) or C) and D) as
參考答案：
Text 1
答案及解析
51.c 【解析】本文第二段中提到“…because all the astronauts have contracts with an American magazine under conditions forbidding any unauthorized disclosures about their private lives.”
52.B【解析】本文第一句提到“Today TV audiences all over the world are accustomed to the sight of American astronauts in tip—top condition，with fair hair，crew-cuts，good teeth and…”.
53.B 【解析】由本文倒數(shù)第一段中的“As for the astronauts’political leanings，they seem to be towards the right.”
54.B【解析】talk shop意為“談公事”。
55.C 【解析】A、B、D在文中均提到，是正確的，而C不對(duì)，文中提到“You would expect them to find their friends from their professional associates，but this is not the case.Rather，they prefer to make friends with the normal folk in their districts.”
Text 2
答案及解析
56.A【解析】從第二段前兩句話可以看出，婦女被以能力和需要的理由勸離工廠，故A項(xiàng)正確。沒(méi)有足夠的工作給老兵不是由限制婦女工作時(shí)間的法律造成的，所以B項(xiàng)不正確。C項(xiàng)文中沒(méi)有提及。根據(jù)文章第三段可知婦女的健康不是改善了，而是下降了，故D項(xiàng)也不正確。
57.D【解析】A、B、C項(xiàng)文中均沒(méi)有提到。根據(jù)第三段的論述，可知D項(xiàng)是惟一正確的。
58.B【解析】根據(jù)第三段和第四段的論述，我們可以得知作者的總體看法，即特別的勞工防護(hù)法并沒(méi)有保護(hù)婦女的權(quán)益，故B項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)與作者的觀點(diǎn)明顯相悖，所以不正確。C項(xiàng)從文中不能推知，故不正確。文中沒(méi)有提到男性工人的保護(hù)問(wèn)題，故D項(xiàng)也不正確。59.A【解析】由第二段最后一句話可知A 項(xiàng)正確。B項(xiàng)不能從文中推知。C項(xiàng)文中沒(méi)有提及。男性工人的健康在法律中是得到考慮了的，故D項(xiàng)不正確。
60.B【解析】對(duì)于婦女的慣常思維沒(méi)有因?yàn)榉啥兓�，所以A項(xiàng)不正確。根據(jù)第二段第一句話可知B項(xiàng)正確。從常識(shí)判斷，雇主是不會(huì)主動(dòng)提出提高婦女權(quán)益保護(hù)的，所以他們的保護(hù)不會(huì)比立法前多，故C項(xiàng)是不正確的。D項(xiàng)從文中不能推斷出。
Text 3
答案及解析
61.C【解析】文中第一段提到“But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory.”所以他們對(duì)為什么睡眠對(duì)記憶有好處持有不同的觀點(diǎn)，故應(yīng)選C。
62.A【解析】第二段中指出“…when brain and body are active”，大腦積極運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)是眼珠快速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的主要特征，且在第三、四段又再次說(shuō)明。選項(xiàng)B“被研究者更快的反應(yīng)速度”，選項(xiàng)C“復(fù)雜的記憶模式”和選項(xiàng) D“前一天事件的重現(xiàn)”都不是眼球快速運(yùn)動(dòng)的主要特征。故應(yīng)選A。
63.B【解析】原文的第三段最后“What they did not know…followed a pattern-what is referred to as “artificial grammar”.Yet the reductions in response time showed that…”說(shuō)明了這種內(nèi)在模式，也就是“artificial grantor”，對(duì)于記憶的重要性。故應(yīng)選B。
64.C【解析】這個(gè)題考察的是對(duì)后面幾段的歸納。首先在第三段開(kāi)始“Dr.Maquet used all electronic device called PET…they practiced a task during the day，and as they slept during the following night.”這是一種對(duì)比性的研究方法。后來(lái)的第四段最后“…their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.”也采用了對(duì)比的分析研究，故應(yīng)選C。
65.D【解析】這是一個(gè)通篇的中心歸納的考察題。文章一開(kāi)始就指出“Before a big exam.a sound night’s sleep will do you better than poring over textbooks.”意思是在晚上好好的睡覺(jué)對(duì)記憶是有好處的。最后作者又歸納了研究的結(jié)果，“…concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep….”也說(shuō)明結(jié)構(gòu)性知識(shí)在REM睡眠中是可以鞏固的。故應(yīng)選D。
完形填空答案：
61.A about 62. B waving 63.B after 64.D not 65.A historical
66.C identify 67.C fought 68.D idea 69.B signed 70.A place
71. A Even 72.B just 73. D directly 74. A competitiveness 75.D as
76. D good 77.C on 78. C teaching 79. A done 80.C and
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