公共英語等級考試閱讀精選材料2017
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TUse "desirable difficulty"
運用“適當增加難度”來復習
Reviewing material is one of the most popular forms of learning. Guess what? It's also one of the least effective. Researchers call this "the fluency illusion." Just because it's easy to remember right now doesn't mean it will stay that way. "Desirable difficulty" means that the harder you work trying to retrieve something from memory, the better you learn. Don't merely reread stuff. Practice like a medical student and quiz yourself with flashcards. You're not going to learn much passively. Research show re-reading material four times was not nearly as effective as reading it once and writing a summary.
復習是學習的重要一環(huán)，那我要說是最沒有效率的一環(huán)呢?研究學家稱它為“熟練的假象”你記得某個知識并不代表著在任何情況下你都能熟練運用。“適當增加難度”的意義在于，你越難回憶起某個知識，你就會記得越牢。不要就簡單的復讀，可以學習醫(yī)學院的學生利用閃卡來測試自己。不要被動的學習，研究表明，一本書你讀四遍的效果不如你讀一遍然后寫一篇讀書小結(jié)來的好。
You need to struggle. Whether it's memorizing information or practicing a sport or skill, you want your practice to be challenging. When I spoke to Dan Coyle, bestselling author of The Talent Code, he said: We learn when we're in our discomfort zone. When you're struggling, that's when you're getting smarter. The more time you spend there, the faster you learn. It's better to spend a very, very high quality ten minutes, or even 10 seconds, than it is to spend a mediocre hour.
你得受點挫折，不管是在記憶方面或是鍛煉某項運動或其他技能。要盡量做些有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務。就像《一萬個小時天才》的作者Dan Colye所說，在我們舒適區(qū)以外，我們最能學到東西。就是俗話說的“吃一塹，長一智”，花越多的時間鉆研，你就會學習得越快。聚精會神的十分鐘，哪怕是10秒鐘，比一個小時的磨洋工要有效率的多。
The Get fast, negative feedback
快速從失敗中吸取經(jīng)驗
One of the three key components to "10,000 hours of deliberate practice" is feedback. Without it you don't know if you're improving or what you need to work on next. And don't just listen to me because I read the nerdy research. The most un-nerdy people in the world are on the same page. When I spoke to Navy SEAL platoon commander James Waters, he said feedback is critical.
關(guān)于“一萬小時刻意訓練”三個要素的其中之一就是反饋。如果沒有反饋那么你就不知道自己哪里需要提高，下一步的訓練計劃要怎么制定。也不必只聽我的一家之言，事實上，那些取得成績的人都知道反饋的重要性。比如海軍海豹突擊隊指揮官James Water 就認同反饋的重要性。
After every mission, SEALs do a review of what happened to get feedback. Do they all just congratulate each other? No, they spend 90 percent of their time on the negative: what they can do better next time. And there's another vital source of feedback: yourself. Always take some time to reflect on how you're doing.
每次任務結(jié)束之后，隊員們就會對發(fā)生的事情進行意見收集反饋。難道他們僅僅是為了慶祝任務完成，當然不是，他們90%的時間都花在對于問題研究，下一次怎樣才能做的更好。還有一項重要的反饋就是自我評價，每次對于自己的表現(xiàn)進行評價。
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