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2017公共英語(yǔ)一級(jí)閱讀文章與技巧
對(duì)于參加公共英語(yǔ)一級(jí)考試的考生來(lái)說(shuō),想要通過(guò)公共英語(yǔ)一級(jí)不難,但是要拿到比較理想的成績(jī)就得認(rèn)真?zhèn)淇剂。下面,小編為大家送上一篇公共英語(yǔ)一級(jí)閱讀文章與技巧,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
Cohesion-tension Theory
Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher; the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps. But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.
If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask: how does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.
內(nèi)聚壓力理論
大氣壓能夠支持 10 米高的水柱,但植物可將水送得更高。美洲紅杉就能把水泵到地面以上 100 多米高的樹(shù)頂。直到 19 世紀(jì)末,水在樹(shù)木和其它高大植物中的輸送還是一個(gè)謎。一些植物學(xué)家假定植物中的活細(xì)胞充當(dāng)了水泵的角色。但許多實(shí)驗(yàn)表明細(xì)胞都已死亡的植物莖干仍能將水輸送到相當(dāng)可觀的高度。對(duì)于植物中輸送水的其它解釋都基于根壓——植物底端的根對(duì)水的推動(dòng)。但根壓完全不足以將水推到樹(shù)頂。況且,最高樹(shù)木中的松柏只有很低的根壓。
如果水不是被泵到高樹(shù)的樹(shù)頂,也不是被推到樹(shù)頂,那么我們會(huì)問(wèn):它是怎樣到達(dá)樹(shù)頂?shù)哪?根據(jù)目前為人們所接受的內(nèi)聚壓力的理論,水是被拉到上面去的。一株植物中作用于一個(gè)正在升高的水柱之上的拉力來(lái)自該植物頂部水的蒸發(fā)。由于水從葉子表面喪失,一個(gè)負(fù)壓力,或張力就得以產(chǎn)生。蒸發(fā)出去的水被植物里流動(dòng)的水代替。這些水形成水柱從植物頂端一直延伸到根部。在任何水樣中造成表面張力的力支持著這些不斷的水柱。當(dāng)水被限制在內(nèi)徑很小的管道中時(shí),內(nèi)聚壓力(水分子之間的相互吸引力)是如此之大以致一支水柱的強(qiáng)度相當(dāng)于一根直徑相同的鋼絲的強(qiáng)度。這種內(nèi)聚壓力使得水柱被拉到非常高的 地方而不會(huì)斷裂。
附:公共英語(yǔ)一級(jí)閱讀技巧
閱讀理解考察考生獲取信息的能力,這部分的內(nèi)容在PETS的各級(jí)考試中都占相當(dāng)?shù)牟糠。要提高閱讀理解部分的得分,考生必須提高英語(yǔ)的閱讀能力。許多考生對(duì)于如何有效提高閱讀水平和應(yīng)試能力感到茫然和困惑,主要的原因在于大部分的考生將閱讀理解簡(jiǎn)單的理解為詞匯加語(yǔ)法,認(rèn)為只要掌握了這兩者,也就解決了閱讀問(wèn)題。那么,該如何提高自己的閱讀水平呢?
首先,考生在平時(shí)要注意運(yùn)用正確的閱讀方法,要培養(yǎng)瀏覽、查找、預(yù)測(cè)、研讀和宏觀把握文章內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。其次,要注意解題技巧的培養(yǎng)。
再次,考生應(yīng)根據(jù)考試的級(jí)別采取有針對(duì)性的練習(xí),例如,在PETS三級(jí)考試中,閱讀理解部分由A、B兩節(jié)組成,考查考生理解書(shū)面英語(yǔ)的能力。A節(jié)3篇文章15題,選項(xiàng)為4選1,考查考生理解總體和特定信息的能力。B節(jié)1篇文章5題,考生須從7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中排除兩個(gè)干擾項(xiàng),將正確的概括與5段文字逐一搭配成對(duì)。這是考查考生理解文章的主旨要義的能力。在復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解部分時(shí)要有針對(duì)性,首先要復(fù)習(xí)理解文中的具體信息,并能根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)文中的生詞。
平時(shí)訓(xùn)練時(shí),要選擇幾本適合自己的閱讀教材,在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中要培養(yǎng)好的閱讀習(xí)慣,不僅用眼,更要用腦去讀,做到積極主動(dòng)地閱讀。用頭腦去分析、整理所讀到的內(nèi)容,這是有效閱讀的根本所在,也是閱讀的最高境界。
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