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2015年托福閱讀推斷題考試指南
不同的同學(xué)有不同的擅長點(diǎn)，就像面對(duì)托福閱讀一樣，如果要說托福閱讀的十種題型，哪種最難，千人千答案，但如果我們從數(shù)據(jù)的角度來統(tǒng)計(jì)，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，大多數(shù)的同學(xué)，對(duì)托福閱讀的小結(jié)題和推斷題，往往是要么因?yàn)闀r(shí)間，要么斟酌著不知道該選哪一項(xiàng)，從而大多數(shù)考生對(duì)這兩種題型比較抗拒，下面我們就為大家分享一下如何用正逆向思維解決托福閱讀推斷題。
說到推斷題，不要抗拒，更不要苦惱，雖然表面是推斷題看著是云里霧里，但其實(shí)托福閱讀沒有你想像的那么難，因?yàn)橥懈Ｗ鳛闃?biāo)準(zhǔn)化的考試，肯定會(huì)有一定的答題技巧，托福文章有很清晰的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，每個(gè)自然段往往是按照TS (Topic Sentence) + SD (Supporting details)展開的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects + Attitudes展開的。只有明白了文章的寫作思路才能更好更快的做對(duì)題目，作者必定是按照一定的行文順序編排段落的，如果畫一個(gè)水平軸作為事件發(fā)展的順序，推斷題是讓你從這個(gè)軸上的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)去推測，無非就兩個(gè)方向，順著軸發(fā)展的方向或者逆著軸發(fā)展的方向，也就是我們接下來要說的用正向和逆向思維去解決推斷題。
OG上將推斷題定義為檢查考生對(duì)文章中強(qiáng)烈建議但絕不明說觀點(diǎn)(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，屬于理解性題目，題目要求如下：
Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X?
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?
According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X?
According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X?
題干中有出現(xiàn)infer, imply, indicate或suggest這四個(gè)單詞，我們就判定這個(gè)題目為推斷題，那么推斷題應(yīng)該如何解答呢?
第一步，判斷題型。我們拿到題目，看到上面四個(gè)單詞中的任何一個(gè)，心中就想著這是推斷題，推斷題的做題宗旨是文章強(qiáng)烈暗示，要通過文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理推斷。
第二步，審清題干，原文定位。仔細(xì)閱讀題干，弄清題干內(nèi)容，推斷方向，帶著題干核心信息到文章中準(zhǔn)確定位。
第三步，推測+判斷。根據(jù)相關(guān)句進(jìn)行正向或逆向的推理，最后擇優(yōu)而選，確定答案。
正向推斷：和事實(shí)信息題做題方法一樣，答案就是定位的句子的同義改寫。
逆向推斷：大致分為兩種，一種是時(shí)間，第二種是兩類事物的對(duì)比。
第一種，題干中往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示時(shí)間的信息，比如：after 1932, since early years of the 19th century. 例如TPO 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
○They were able to sell their produce at high prices
○They had not been successful in raising cattle.
○They did not operate in a national market economy.
題干中出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)信息，一個(gè)是western farmers, 一個(gè)是prior to 1815, 帶著兩條信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中沒有提到1815年之前，只有1815年之后，答案其實(shí)很簡單，只要把1815年之后的內(nèi)容看懂了，并且在這個(gè)內(nèi)容前面加not即可。舉個(gè)簡單的例子，“從現(xiàn)在起Jessica是個(gè)姑娘”，“請(qǐng)問你能推斷出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了變性手術(shù)?”，其實(shí)這就算過分推斷了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是個(gè)姑娘。言歸正題，文中說到，改善的交通使得越來越多的西部農(nóng)民擺脫了自給自足的生活，并且進(jìn)入了國家性的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)，那個(gè)時(shí)候貨物的價(jià)格很多，所以向西遷移的速率也大幅增長。
第二種：兩類事物的對(duì)比，往往文中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示對(duì)比的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。例如TPO 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2題，讓考生推測關(guān)于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵句中存在著一個(gè)unlike, 說不像sea otters, 想象一下早期鯨類比較困難(not easy=difficult)，那我們逆推一下，不就是說想象早期sea otters長什么樣比較容易，正確答案中出現(xiàn)了not difficult, 所以這道題很簡單。當(dāng)然ETS不會(huì)一直都出這么簡單的推斷題，這里只是給大家一個(gè)答題的方向。
Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.
10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?
○Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.
○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.
○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.
○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.
解析：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞我們定位到文段的中間部分：Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.這道題可以當(dāng)做事實(shí)信息題去做，但注意不是原文的簡單重復(fù)，suggest 是原文中indicate的同義轉(zhuǎn)換，我們只要找到what就好了，原文that后面是重點(diǎn)，出現(xiàn)了too few, should have,
情感態(tài)度推測一下，持否定態(tài)度，也就說說形成 an ancient ocean不太可能，我們看選項(xiàng)，A中說Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.主客體與原文矛盾，排除;B選項(xiàng) The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.說不適合形成大量的水，持否定態(tài)度，符合原文，保留;C選項(xiàng)Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.相關(guān)句中未提及，排除;D選項(xiàng)The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather. 說的是ancient oceans沒有，而不是原來有后來干涸了，與原文不符，排除，所以正確答案為B。
面對(duì)托福閱讀推斷題，不論是正推還是逆推，關(guān)鍵是大家要保持冷靜的頭腦，從事件發(fā)展的時(shí)間軸或者事件水平軸上進(jìn)行原因的推斷，找某個(gè)突破點(diǎn)，依據(jù)原文的內(nèi)容，找出相應(yīng)的根據(jù)，那么你的托福閱讀推斷題的正確率，一定會(huì)很好的提升，不信，你現(xiàn)在就可以實(shí)踐一下。
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