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托業(yè)英語閱讀4個(gè)訣竅
今天,小編要為大家分享提高托業(yè)閱讀水平的4個(gè)訣竅,希望大家認(rèn)真閱讀并且運(yùn)用到實(shí)際復(fù)習(xí)當(dāng)中。
一.文章的選擇
首先,我們要簡單探討一下托業(yè)考試中所用文章的范疇。托業(yè)文章的總是集中在商業(yè)、社會(huì)科學(xué)和基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。出題者總是喜歡選擇非常具體的題目?赡芸忌鷮@些題目的背景知之甚少。但稍后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),你并不需要這樣的知識。事實(shí)上,如果你試圖依靠背景知識答題才會(huì)有麻煩。如果你對此題目知之甚少,不必?fù)?dān)心。你很快就會(huì)知道如何應(yīng)對并得出正確答案。
此外,托業(yè)出題者總愛用很多數(shù)字、數(shù)據(jù)和專業(yè)的術(shù)語。托業(yè)極其細(xì)節(jié)化。這看來可能會(huì)使考生無法招架。但實(shí)際上這些信息只是我們的工具和朋友。你不必記憶文章的全部內(nèi)容。事實(shí)上,因?yàn)橥袠I(yè)考試出題者總喜歡將注意力放在具體的細(xì)節(jié)上,在閱讀時(shí)幾乎沒有必要理解其“文章大意”。絕大多數(shù)問題都與文章中出現(xiàn)的具體信息有關(guān)。答案都擺在你眼前!幾乎不需要自己的推理。一旦你知道怎樣適當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x,就會(huì)很容易找到答案。一旦你知道怎樣定位,你的成績自然也會(huì)提高。
二.應(yīng)試者會(huì)遇到的主要問題及如何應(yīng)對
因?yàn)椋覀冋f過后面也還會(huì)具體分析到,所有的答案都擺在你眼前,竅門就是找出它們。如果我們有一整天的時(shí)間閱讀,這可能不是什么問題。很遺憾,我們的時(shí)間有限,僅有一個(gè)小時(shí)。時(shí)間問題就顯得尤為重要。我們絕不能緊張和慌亂。相反,你要做的僅僅是在閱讀的同時(shí)應(yīng)用我們的黃金法則。在看的同時(shí),了解你要找什么――我們稍后會(huì)對這一方法詳細(xì)解釋――能解決這一問題。再強(qiáng)調(diào)一遍,放松、不要讀的太快。速度應(yīng)適當(dāng)。
另一個(gè)可能的問題是詞匯量。如我們所說過的,托業(yè)考試中所用的詞匯可能非常專業(yè),有時(shí)甚至很復(fù)雜。即使如此,這一問題也很容易解決。所有需要理解的關(guān)鍵詞匯在文中都會(huì)給出解釋。如果沒有解釋,這個(gè)詞就很可能并不重要。甚至如果有問題問到了你不熟的詞,也是有辦法解決的,這一點(diǎn)會(huì)在后面講到。
三.考試的結(jié)構(gòu)
本部分包括三篇文章,每篇后有13-14個(gè)問題。這些問題一般分為八種(略去-譯注),但也存在一些變化。對每類題型都有不同的辦法。當(dāng)然也有一些適用于所有題型的基本方法。下面我會(huì)先談?wù)勥@些基本方法,即“黃金法則”,之后再用更大的篇幅討論每一題型的具體方法。
四.普遍規(guī)律
A.所有的答案就在你眼前
托業(yè)與其它標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考試(如GRE)不同,它僅考查語言。這對于應(yīng)試者意味著什么呢?這表明,托業(yè)考試并不考查你的推理能力。出題者不會(huì)給你提供信息然后讓你基于這些信息得出結(jié)論。相反,他們給你提供信息并問你這些信息。基本上,他們都是讓你重復(fù)剛剛給你的信息。答案就在你眼前!
B.詞匯――上下文是關(guān)鍵
由于托業(yè)考試非常專業(yè)的特性,必定會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多讀者不熟悉的詞匯。這一點(diǎn)不必?fù)?dān)心。事實(shí)上,托業(yè)考試出題者看來已經(jīng)進(jìn)行著意的設(shè)計(jì)使詞匯根本不成為問題。一旦我們知道對付詞匯的一些固定規(guī)律,這些文章就再也不難了。
當(dāng)然,準(zhǔn)備考試的最佳方法是增加詞匯量。實(shí)現(xiàn)此目的的絕佳方法是泛讀。因?yàn)橥袠I(yè)文章的來源都與商業(yè)和科學(xué)相關(guān),研讀商業(yè)期刊、報(bào)紙及與具體社會(huì)潮流相關(guān)的文章最為理想。然而我們用于閱讀的時(shí)間有限。掌握所有的英文單詞是不可能的。
拓展閱讀:托業(yè)準(zhǔn)確把握句子與句子之間的關(guān)系
句子之間的關(guān)系多種多樣,常見的有:并列關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系和相互解釋關(guān)系。
Women could and did play a part in this process of settlement. Iceland, for instance, was uninhabited, and a permanent population could only be established if women also made the journey there. (后一句的具體事例為前一句提供說明與解釋)
People borrowed more and more money so that they could buy these shares. Because of this, the American people started to believe that share prices could only go up further. (“because of”明顯的因果關(guān)系)
Astronomy is a science that deals with all the celestial bodies in the universe. Astronomy includes the study of planets and their satellites, comets and meteors, stars and interstellar matter, star systems and clusters. (后一句是對前一句celestial bodies 的進(jìn)一步解釋)
Previously it was believed that due to the Archaeopteryx‘s (始祖鳥) underdeveloped anatomy, it would not have been able to fly. However, research by the London Natural History Museum into its brain developed and that it had good vision and a good sense of balance — all the requirements for a creature to be able to fly. (“However”轉(zhuǎn)折對比)
閱讀時(shí),我們可以根據(jù)段落中出現(xiàn)的一些信號詞(Signal Words)來判斷句子與句子之間的關(guān)系,掌握段落發(fā)展線索,來調(diào)整閱讀速度,提高閱讀質(zhì)量。
1.顯示相同信息的信號詞:
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.
“likewise”這一信號詞顯示了前面所提到的idea后面還要再一次出現(xiàn)。因此,閱讀時(shí)見到這樣的信號詞無須放慢閱讀速度。這樣的信號詞還包括:
and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example 2.顯示思路轉(zhuǎn)折的信號詞:
I‘d like to go but I’m too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述,它向讀者顯示了作者的思路在這里有了轉(zhuǎn)折。閱讀時(shí),碰到這樣的信號詞我們需放慢閱讀速度,以準(zhǔn)確獲取作者真正想要說明的意思。這類信號詞還有:
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet
2.顯示因果關(guān)系的信號詞:
As a result of the pilots‘ strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots‘ strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因?yàn)轱w行員們的罷工;飛行員們的罷工導(dǎo)致了所有的航班不得不被取消。顯示因果關(guān)系的信號詞還有:
for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently
3.顯示順序的信號詞:
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second, the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了這樣的信號詞就把握住了作者敘述的順序,也就分清了相對獨(dú)立的論據(jù)。這樣的信號詞包括:
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally
4.表示結(jié)論/總結(jié)的信號詞:
In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
詞組“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息將在這里被歸納總結(jié)。讀到帶有這樣的信號詞或短語的句子時(shí),應(yīng)格外留心注意,它們往往會(huì)向我們提示相關(guān)段落的核心信息。表示結(jié)論或總結(jié)的信號詞和短語還有:
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
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