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托福閱讀理解原文及答案
在學(xué)習(xí)和工作的日常里，我們最不陌生的就是試題了，借助試題可以更好地考查參試者所掌握的知識(shí)和技能。什么樣的試題才能有效幫助到我們呢？以下是小編為大家收集的托福閱讀理解原文及答案歡迎閱讀與收藏。
托福閱讀理解原文及答案 1
Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
Architecture is a threedimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture,line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.Humans instinctively seek structures thatwill shelter and enhance their way of life.It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter,enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered themeven while building materials have changed dramatically. The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity.They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together),tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.
Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures.In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred ago.
Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and airconditioning.Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence,and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created.That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.
Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and airconditioning.Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
Paragraph 1：
1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
○Architecture is visual art.
○Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.
○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.
○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.
Paragraph 2：
2.The word “feasible” in the passage is closet in meaning to
○In existence
○Without question
○Achievable
○Most likely
Paragraph 3：
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.
○B(yǎng)uilding materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.
○When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.
○Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
4. The word “devised” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Combined
○Created
○Introduced
○Suggested
Paragraph 4：
5. The word “integral” is closet in meaning to
○Essential
○Variable
○Practical
○Independent
6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?
○B(yǎng)ecause new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.
○The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.
○The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.
○Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.
7. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?
○They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
○They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.
○The weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
○They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
Paragraph 5:
8. Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph5?
○Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.
○The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.
○Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.
○In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.
Paragraph 6:
9. The word “arduous” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Difficult
○Necessary
○Skilled
○Shared
10. Why does the author include a description of how the “doorways and windows”of Machu Picchu were constructed?
○To indicate that the combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu were similar to igloos and adobe structures
○To indicate the different kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu
○To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented
○To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone.
11.According to paragraph6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?
○The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.
○The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.
○The arch worked by distributing the structural of a building toward the center of the arch.
○The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.
Paragraph 5：
12 . Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or airinflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
13.Architecture uses forms and space to express cultural values.
Answer choices
○Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.
○Over the course of the history of building,innovations in material and methods of construction have given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.
○Throughout history buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct “organ” systems in order to function.
○B(yǎng)oth clients and architects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.
○Modern buildings tend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of Machu Picchu.
○The discovery and use of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developing more efficient types of structures.
托福TPO03 Architecture參考答案：
1. ○ 4
2. ○ 3
3. ○ 4
4. ○ 2
5. ○ 1
6. ○ 2
7. ○ 3
8. ○ 4
9. ○ 1
10. ○ 3
11. ○ 2
12. ○ 4
13. ○1 2 6
托福閱讀理解原文及答案 2
Are all your photographs good?Be honest with yourself. Aren’t some of your pictures too dark, and others too light?How many times have you thrown away a photo?We, the Fine Photograph Club, can help you. We meet every Wednesday in our comfortable club room in Bridge Street. At 7:30 p.m. a member of the club or a visitor would give a talk, and then we have coffee. Our members will advise you on all the latest cameras and films. They will help you to develop your films or enlarge your pictures. What does it all cost?Only 5 pounds a year.
Photography is now a big business. Do you know, for instance, that there are 15 million cameras in our country?And that 700 million photographs are taken a year, more than one-third of them in color?Think of the amount of photography in television, the cinema, newspapers, books, advertisements and so on. In modern life people learn a lot from pictures, so photography is more and more important. It is also more complicated and more expensive than it used to be. You may only want to take good photographs of faces and places. If so, we can help you to get better results. You needn’t waste any more money. If you want to learn more about photography and how it is used, join the club please. You won’t be disappointed. Write now to the Secretary, Fine Photograph Club. Bridge Street.
31. The purpose of passage is to _____.
A. show people how to take fine pictures
B. tell people photography is now a big business
C. tell people the club can do many things for you
D. encourage people to join the photograph club
答案為D。此句為測試作者的寫作目的�！昂粲跞藗兌紒砑尤氲綌z影俱樂部!”這是本文的主要目的。本文的最后部分也是對全文內(nèi)容的重點(diǎn)回應(yīng)。
32. If you want to join the club, you _____.
A. must be good at photography
B. must know about the latest cameras and films
C. must pay a little money a year
D. must be honest with yourself
答案為C。此句為細(xì)節(jié)題。從短文第一段的最后一句話：five pounds a year中得出答案。
33. You are able to be honest so that you can_____.
A. say if your photos are good orbad
B. tell how much money you waste
C. help the Fine Photograph Club
D. know the latest development in cameras
答案為A。此句為細(xì)節(jié)推理題。將第一段內(nèi)容進(jìn)行綜合分析，可以知道：這是Fine Photograph club所做的宣傳廣告，讓人們知道他們是為了幫助人們提高攝影技術(shù)，避免出現(xiàn)浪費(fèi)現(xiàn)象，而且費(fèi)用低廉。因此選項(xiàng)A符合短文的內(nèi)容。
34. The club can give the following service except _____.
A. coffee
B. amusement
C. advice
D. information
答案為B。此句為細(xì)節(jié)推理題。從短文內(nèi)容上看，文章中出現(xiàn)了：and then we have coffee(選項(xiàng)A的'內(nèi)容)，will advise you on all the latest，(選項(xiàng)C的內(nèi)容)和if you want to learn，it is used(選項(xiàng)D的內(nèi)容)，這樣只有選項(xiàng)B的內(nèi)容在短文中沒有出現(xiàn)了。
35.Which statement of the following is true?
A. If you are a member of Fine Photograph Club, it will cost you only 5 pounds to buy a camera.
B. All the members of Fine Photograph Club can take free photographs of faces and places.
C. More than a third of 700 million color photographs are taken a year.
D. If you write to the photograph club, you will be very good at photographing.
答案為C。細(xì)節(jié)題。在短文And that 700 million photographs are taken a year，more than one-third Of them in color?中給出了答案。其中的them就是700 million photographs。
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