新概念英語第三冊語法匯總

　　引導(dǎo)語：新概念英語享譽(yù)全球的最為經(jīng)典地道的英語教材，以下是百分網(wǎng)小編為大家整理的新概念英語第三冊語法匯總，歡迎閱讀!

　　一、倒裝

　　根據(jù)語法要求，把謂語動(dòng)詞置于主語前，稱為完全倒裝，把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語前，稱為部分倒裝。

　　1.副詞如：in, out, down, there, here, off, over, away, etc. 句子倒裝。(完全倒裝，但主語不能是代詞)

　　Down jumped the murderer from the tenth floor.

　　In came Miss Green.

　　(特別注意：當(dāng)主語是人稱代詞時(shí)不倒裝。)

　　Away she went!(她走了!)

　　Here you are!(你在這兒!)

　　2.only + 副詞(介詞短語)位于句首，句子要倒裝。

　　Only then did he realize that he was mistaken.

　　Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.

　　3.well, so, often, such, few, little 放于句首，句子形成倒裝。

　　So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun.

　　Well did I know him and well did he know me.

　　4.否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首時(shí)，句子須倒裝。此類詞有： neither，nor，hardly，scarcely， rarely，seldom，not，never，not only，barely，at no time，nowhere等。

　　e.g. — Jack could not swim.

　　— Neither could Tom.

　　Never have I seen such a good movie.

　　5.as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，須倒裝。(準(zhǔn)確地說，是將需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞提到as的前面。)

　　Rich as he is, he spends a cent on charity.

　　Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautifully.

　　6.在表示祝愿的句子中。

　　May you make greater progress! (愿你取得更大進(jìn)步!)

　　7.在虛擬條件句中，連詞if省略時(shí)，句型要倒裝，即將were, had, should等詞提到句首。

　　Were I you, I would go abroad to take advanced study.

　　我要是你，就出國進(jìn)修了。

　　Should he come tomorrow, he would help us to settle the problem.

　　他要是明天來的話，他會(huì)幫我們解決這個(gè)問題的。

　　Were they here now, they could help us.

　　= If they were here now, they could help us.

　　Had you come earlier, you would have met him

　　= If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

　　Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

　　= Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.注意：

　　在虛擬語氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞'be'的過去時(shí)態(tài)一律用"were"，不用was， 即在從句中be用were代替。

　　If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。

　　If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在這兒，一切都會(huì)好的。典型例題

　　_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

　　A. If were I　B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I

　　答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞，通常將if省略，主語提前, 變成 were, should, had +主語的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說 Were I not to do., 而不能說 Weren't I to do.

　　8.百分特例重點(diǎn)：

　　Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want.

　　(NCE Book III Lesson 26)

　　盡管我們?yōu)樽约旱慕^好鑒賞力感到自豪，但我們已經(jīng)無法自由地選擇我們所需要的東西了。

　　二、虛擬語氣

　　虛擬語氣用來表達(dá)不可能或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，通常分為基本的三種形式。

　　1. 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬：

　　If + did / were + ..., ... would

　　should

　　could + do (動(dòng)詞原形)

　　might

　　If I were you, I would go abroad at once. (I am not you.)

　　If he knew it now, he could help me. (He doesn't know it now.)

　　2. 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬：

　　If + had done + ..., ... would (might) have done ...

　　If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have phoned you.

　　(I didn't know your telephone number.)

　　If you had come here a littleearlier just now, you might have met her.

　　(You didn't come here earlier.)

　　3. 與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬：

　　(1) If + should + v., ... would + v.

　　(可能性很小)(譯作“萬一”)

　　If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.

　　If I should fail, what should Ido?

　　(2) If + did / were to + v ..., would + v.

　　(完全不可能)

　　If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.

　　If you finished it in 3 minutes, I would give you my car.

　　4. 金牌特殊重點(diǎn)：!!

　　[簡單聯(lián)想記憶]：

　　● 下列動(dòng)詞后的“賓語從句”中需要用虛擬形式，即should + 動(dòng)詞原形，shoud在美國英語中要省略(TOEFL語法考點(diǎn))。此類常見的動(dòng)詞有：

　　order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, suggest(建議)insist(堅(jiān)決要求)，advise, etc.

　　例句：He suggested that we (should) help them with English.

　　The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.

　　● 下列名詞后的同位語從句中要用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”(should可省去)的虛擬。

　　suggestion, order, request, demand, importance, proposal.

　　He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party.

　　I think it is a thing of importance that it (should) be done soon.

　　● It is / was important / necessary / natural / essential / advisable / strange / surprising, ect. + that +主語+ should + v.

　　It is strange that you should say such a thing.

　　It was important that you should tell me all the information.

　　● wish后的賓語從句中，as if 后的狀語從句中，須用下列的虛擬形式：

　　主 + wish+ (that) + 主 + did / were(指現(xiàn)在)

　　had done(指過去)

　　would+ v.(指將來)

　　Iwishthat I met my uncle now.

　　IwishI had met my uncle yesterday.

　　IwishI could meet my uncle tomorrow.

　　● It is (high) time that ... + did / were ...

　　It is time that you went to bed.

　　● would rather that ... + did / were ...

　　I would rather that you were not here now.

　　● would sooner that ... + did / were ...

　　I would sooner that you got up earlier.

　　I would sooner that you were not my brother.

　　三、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

　　此獨(dú)立形式只是一個(gè)小短語，而不是主謂完整的簡單句，又稱之為獨(dú)立分詞構(gòu)句。當(dāng)分詞意義上的主語不是主句的主語時(shí)，必須在分詞前保留意義上的主語，否則語意不通。(定義有點(diǎn)費(fèi)解，多看幾遍)

　　示例：

　　Being ill in bed, I can't go to school.

　　Mother being ill in bed, I can't go to school.

　　(1) 獨(dú)立主結(jié)構(gòu)形式可用以表時(shí)間，理由，條件，伴隨狀態(tài)等

　　He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.

　　= He lay on the grass, and the sun was shining upon him.

　　Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.

　　= If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow.

　　School being over, the boys went home.

　　= When school was over, the boys went home.

　　The sun having set, we arrived at the station.

　　= After the sun had set, we arrived at the station.

　　王牌重點(diǎn)：當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的主語表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you時(shí)，主語可省略，此用法常用于下列表達(dá)方式中：

　　generally speaking 一般來說

　　strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說

　　talking of ... 談到

　　speaking of ... 說到

　　judging from ... 由……來判斷

　　taking all things into consideration 把一切都考慮在內(nèi)

　　considering ... 考慮到……

　　[示例]：

　　If we judge from his face, he must be ill.

　　= Judging from his face, he must be ill.

　　He has lots of books if we consider that he is young.

　　= He has lots of books, considering that he is young.

　　(2)with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)形式之一。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(表示原因，方式，伴隨等)和定語，作定語時(shí)緊隨被修飾名詞后。

　　1.with+ 名詞 + 介詞短語：

　　The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.

　　The boy rushed into the room, with his schoolbag in his hand.

　　2.with + 名詞 + adj.

　　with the door open, he left the classroom.

　　3.with + 名詞 + adv.

　　With the gloves off, she felt cold.

　　With the lights on, the building looks beautiful.

　　4.with + 名詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞(主動(dòng))

　　with + 名詞 + 過去分詞(被動(dòng))

　　Withthe guide leading us, we got to the village.

　　The boy was crying with the vase broken.

　　5.with + 名詞 + 不定式

　　With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.

　　四、定語從句

　　1. 定語從句：由關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, whose, that, which; 關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why 引導(dǎo)。

　　1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week.

　　2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend.

　　3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful.

　　4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in.

　　5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.

　　6. He still remembers the day when he went to school.

　　7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didn't finish it in time.

　　8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war.

　　9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English.

　　10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy.

　　2. 只能用that和who引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　A.all, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行詞指物時(shí)

　　B.先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，后面常跟that而不是which.

　　C.先行詞前有 the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等詞修飾時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞只能用that。

　　D.當(dāng)先行詞是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody時(shí)，后面要用who或whom;

　　● All that glitters is not gold. 閃光的并非都是金子。

　　3. as 引導(dǎo)定語從句

　　as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句有兩種形式：

　　A.引導(dǎo)限制性語從句。

　　在此類定語從句中，as常與主語中作為其先行詞的such, the same或as聯(lián)用構(gòu)成，“such... as”，“the same... as”和“as ...as”句型，可代替先行詞。

　　例如：We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我們希望得到他正在用的那種工具。

　　B.as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，作用與which相同，as作為關(guān)系代詞代替整個(gè)主句。

　　(這是語法考試的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)。)

　　[注意區(qū)別]：

　　as 引導(dǎo)的從句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句不能放在句首。

　　例如：As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.

　　據(jù)報(bào)道，一個(gè)外國代表團(tuán)將訪問這個(gè)城市。

　　五、形容詞

　　定義：形容詞是用來修飾名詞的詞，描述名詞的性質(zhì)、外觀、特點(diǎn)等。

　　功能：形容詞可以做定語、表語或補(bǔ)助語。

　　分類：主要分為兩類：描繪性形容詞和限定性形容詞。

　　● 描繪性形容詞主要用來描繪大、小、新舊、顏色、質(zhì)量等。

　　● 限定性形容詞主要用來限定所修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離及范圍所屬等。

　　1.當(dāng)形容詞修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，必須與冠詞連用：

　　a lovely girl, the naughty boy

　　2.形容詞可與系動(dòng)詞連用，做表語，說明主語的性狀。常用系動(dòng)詞有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，

　　remain，go，turn，keep，stay, etc.

　　The dish tastes delicious.

　　The music sounds sweet.

　　The milk went bad.

　　小心陷阱 feel，smell，taste，look，keep有時(shí)可以用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，并可以用副詞修飾。

　　He looked me up and down carefully.

　　I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it was salty.

　　3.形容詞用作后置定語。(簡單理解：一般的形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名詞前面，但有些形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名詞的后面)

　　a river navigable(一條可通航的河)

　　sight visible可見的景象

　　person responsible(負(fù)責(zé)人)注意：responsible person(有責(zé)任心的人)

　　the best way possible(盡可能好的辦法)

　　the number necessary(必要的數(shù)量)

　　the people present(在場的人)

　　4.只能作表語的形容詞

　　1.某些表示健康狀況的形容詞。

　　well(身體好的)，ill(病的)，faint(虛弱的)，poorly(身體不好的)

　　示例：His mother has been ill for a long time.

　　特別注意：sick是個(gè)特例。它既可做表語，又可做定語。

　　He is sick for a couple of days.(他病兩三天了)

　　He is a sick person.(他是個(gè)病人。)

　　2.某些以 a-開頭的形容詞。

　　如：afraid(害怕的)，alone(獨(dú)自的)，alive(活著的)，asleep(睡著的)，awake(醒 著的)，aware(意識(shí)到的)

　　The old man is alone in the house.(老人一個(gè)人在家。)

　　The teacher is alive with enthusiasm.(這位老師熱情洋溢。)

　　He is asleep in his mother's arms.(他在母親的懷抱中睡著了。)

　　I have been aware of the difficulty.(我已經(jīng)意識(shí)到了困難。)

　　六、狀語從句

　　狀語從句包括原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、時(shí)間狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、目的狀語從句和比較狀語從句。

　　① 原因：because, since, now that(既然)as, for, this reason....

　�、� 結(jié)果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result ....

　�、� 時(shí)間：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays ...

　�、� 條件：if, only if., once, unless, in the event (that), in case (that), provided that, on the condition that, etc.

　�、� 讓步：though, although, even though(if), no matter what / how / when→ whatever / however / whenever ....

　�、� 目的：in order that, in order to, to,

　　⑦ 比較：than, as ... as, by comparison(相比較)，by contrast(相對照)....

　　七、名詞性從句

　　王牌要點(diǎn)：通常由 that或疑問詞導(dǎo)出。

　　1. How some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.(主語從句)

　　2. The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.(賓語從句)

　　3. The problem is what we'll do next.(表語從句)

　　4. We have no idea that he has come back.(同位語從句)

　　同位語(Appositive):

　　同位語是英語語法的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，也是各類考試中的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，同時(shí)，在寫作中正確運(yùn)用同位語可以使你的句型更加簡潔得體。

　　《新概念英語》 第三冊第一課有這樣一個(gè)句子： When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.

　　(當(dāng)倫敦動(dòng)物園接到報(bào)告說，在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時(shí)，這些報(bào)告并沒有受到重視。)

　　在這里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位語從句，它本來應(yīng)該放在 “reports”后面，這里卻被放在了謂語成分 came into London zoo的后面，目的是讓句型顯得更為穩(wěn)重。

　　I.簡單記憶：同位語從句，就是對某些名詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋的句子。

　　I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday.

　　(that 引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了news的內(nèi)容，注意：that不做任何成分)

　　We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad.

　　(that 引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了fact的內(nèi)容)

　　II.聯(lián)想記憶：

　　能接同位詞從句的名詞有：belief(信仰)，fact，idea，doubt，rumor(謠言)，evidence(證據(jù))，conclusion(結(jié)論)，suggestion(建議)，problem，order，answer，discovery(發(fā) 現(xiàn))explanation(解釋)，principle(原則)，possibility(可能性)，truth，promise(承諾)，report(報(bào)告)，statement(聲明)，knowledge(知識(shí))，opinion(觀點(diǎn))，likelihood(可能性)

　　[大聲朗讀三遍，背下即可。]

　　III.王牌要點(diǎn)：

　　● 同位語一般由that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用關(guān)系代詞which, who, what和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how或 whether 引導(dǎo)。

　　There arouse the question whether we could win the game.

　　I have no idea howto explain it.

　　● 一些介詞詞組后面也能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。(非常經(jīng)典之功能句式，可用于四六級(jí)和托福作文，不妨一試!)：

　　on the assumption(在……前提下)，

　　on the ground(由于……原因)，

　　on the condition that(在……條件下)，

　　with the exception(有……例外)

　　owing to the fact(由于……事實(shí));

　　on the understanding(基于……理解);

　　The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa.

　　那位年輕的女士答應(yīng)嫁給那位老頭，條件是他給她買一幢別墅。

　　IV.分隔式同位語從句

　　為了使句型平衡不至于頭重腳輕，有時(shí)同位語從句可以放到句子的末尾，(讀兩遍此定義，然后看倒句：)

　　An idea came to him that he might write to her to ask more information about the matter.

　　I got information from my friend that there will be a marvelous American movie "Titanic".

　　V. 同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別

　　簡單記憶：定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞 that 或 which在句子中用作主語或賓語，而同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that只起連接主句和從句之作用，不用作任何成分。

　　示例：I've got an answer that A is right. (同位語從句，that 不做成分)

　　I've got an answer that surprised me a lot.(定語從句，that做定語從句的主語)

　　VI.王牌重點(diǎn)：可以充當(dāng)同位語的詞組或短語。

　　1)名詞短語。(使句型更為簡潔)

　　Bill Clinton, the president of America, came to China to pay an official visit in 1998.

　　Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, played an overwhelmingly important role in Chinese literature history.

　　2)動(dòng)名詞詞組亦可用作同位語：別忘了加逗號(hào)。(使句型更為流暢)

　　I'm crazy about the game, playing baseball.

　　Going to concert, that sounds a great idea.

　　3)不定式短語。(陌生只是掌握的開始)

　　The problem what to do next remains unsolved.

　　Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie.

　　4)形容詞詞組。(有逗號(hào)隔開)

　　All the workers, young or old, should be treated equally.

　　Young man, short or tall, should have the right to take the opportunity.

　　VII. 同位語的引導(dǎo)詞。(重要!這是中高級(jí)寫作中不可缺少的引導(dǎo)成分)

　　引導(dǎo)詞用來表示同位語與它所說明的同位成分之間的關(guān)系：

　　1.namely, that it is, that is to say(也就是說), in other words(換句話說), or, for short 表示等同關(guān)系。

　　2.such as, say, so to speak(譬如說), including(包括), for instance(或 for example (e.g. / eg)，表示舉例和列舉關(guān)系。

　　3.especially, mostly, chiefly, or better, in particular, particularly表示突出重點(diǎn)，(在高難度閱讀中表示后面的部分為更重要或更突出的部分，是出題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。)

　　八、副詞

　　定義：副詞用來修飾動(dòng)詞(系動(dòng)詞除外)，形容詞，其它副詞或整個(gè)句子。

　　功能：表示時(shí)間、方式、程度、范圍等。

　　分類：

　　● 時(shí)間及頻度副詞：before，frequently，always，usually 等

　　● 地點(diǎn)副詞：here，northward，anywhere，above，below等

　　● 方式副詞：rapidly，quickly，clearly，hard，well等

　　● 程度副詞：quite，much，nearly，just，enough，perfectly，only 等

　　● 疑問副詞：how，why，when，where 等

　　例：He walked out of the room slowly.

　　She looks very beautiful.

　　We study English very carefully.

　　Even a child can do it better.

　　Perhaps she will telephone you tomorrow.

　　幾個(gè)重要副詞的使用：

　　1. enough：修飾形容詞或副詞，須置于被修飾詞后;而修飾名詞時(shí)放在修飾詞的前面。

　　He is old enough to go to school.

　　I have enough money to buy this type of bicycle.

　　2. too：位于形容詞或副詞前。

　　She is too eager to see me.

　　3. very：置于所修飾的形容詞、副詞前。

　　He is very handsome and many girls like to speak with him.

　　4. much：修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞及副詞比較級(jí)。

　　The subject has beentalked too much.

　　Her dress is much more beautiful than mine.

　　5. still:“依舊，仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。

　　He still remembers the days they spent together.

　　I still can not catch his words.

　　6. yet: 位于疑問句末尾時(shí)意思是“已經(jīng)”;用于否定句時(shí)意思是“還”。

　　Have you emptied the dustbin yet?

　　I haven't done that yet.

　　7. only: 根據(jù)句意靈活運(yùn)用。(請翻譯下面三個(gè)句子!)

　　Only he can tell you how to do it.

　　He can only tell you how to do it.

　　He can tell you how to do it only today.

　　8. hardly, scarcely, seldom, never本身為否定意義副詞，注意使用。

　　Hardly had we left the station when it began to rain.

　　你知道嗎?

　　幾個(gè)易混淆的副詞：

　　1. easy: stand easy (= comfortably)

　　easily: It can't be solved easily.

　　2. clear: The bullet went clear through the window. (= directly)

　　clearly: Clearly, he doesn't know anything about it. (= obviously)

　　3. high: He can jump very high.(高地)

　　highly: We think highly of the good teacher.(高度地)

　　4. just: We have just know the news.(剛剛)

　　justly: He was justly punished.(公正地)

　　5. hard: You must think hard.(努力地)

　　hardly: He hardly knows about it.(幾乎不)

　　6. pretty: He is not pretty sure about it.(非常)

　　prettily: The girl is prettily dressed.(漂亮地)

　　7. near: He lives near the school.(附近)

　　nearly: I nearly missed the bus.(幾乎)

　　8. late: Don't come late next time.(遲到)

　　lately: I haven't read novels lately.(最近)

　　9. formally: You should be dressed formally at the meeting.(正式地)

　　formerly: Formerly, he was the manager of the company.(以前)

　　10. free(免費(fèi)地)

　　freely(自由地)

　　11. most(最)

　　mostly(大部分)

　　12. sharp(準(zhǔn)時(shí)地)

　　sharply(嚴(yán)厲地)

　　九、冠詞

　　不定冠詞“a”用來表示可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式，用于輔音音素前，an用于元音音素前。

　　如：a person, a day; an hour, anold man...

　　I.定冠詞用法如下：

　　(英語剛啟蒙時(shí)你就知道冠詞了，可你真正掌握了嗎?再背一遍又何妨?!)

　　1.用于雙方都知道的名詞前：Please cleanthe classroom.

　　2.用于單數(shù)名詞前，表示一類人或物：

　　The horseis a useful animal.(馬是有用的動(dòng)物)

　　This is a very hardjob for theteacher.(對于老師這是一項(xiàng)很難的工作。)

　　3.用于世界上獨(dú)一無二的東西前：the sun, the spring.

　　4.用于方位名詞前：People in the west like coffee very much.

　　5.用于樂器名詞前：play the violin.

　　6.用于計(jì)量單位前：Gasoline is soldby the gallon.

　　7.形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞前：This is the easiest way to work out the problem.

　　He came to see me for first time.

　　8.用于江河湖海山脈名稱前：the Pacific，the Thames，the Rocky Mountains

　　9.雜志、報(bào)刊名稱前：the Times，the Overseas Digest

　　10.用于建筑物、和組織前：the White House, theMinistry of Education

　　11.用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前，表“某某夫婦，某某一家人”the Smiths，the Greens

　　12.用于形容詞前，表一類人 / 物：the rich, theblind

　　13.用于 English，Chinese，F(xiàn)rench等名詞前，表“全體國民”the English，the Chinese

　　II.以下情況不用冠詞：

　　1.三餐前 breakfast，lunch，supper， ... Have you had lunch?

　　2.體育運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目前 playchess，... I have nointerest intennis.

　　3.在由 by引出的交通工具前by air(乘飛機(jī))，by car

　　4.在稱呼或職位前 He has been elected president of the committee.

　　5.習(xí)慣用語前 at school，day by day，at table(在吃飯)，go to church(做禮拜)...

　　十、反義疑問句

　　1.一般用法：

　　He is a student, isn't he?

　　He isn't a student, is he?

　　(1) “have to, had better, used to”要用下列方式反問：

　　He has to finish the work, doesn't he?

　　They used to smoke, didn't / usedn't they?

　　You'd better get up immediately, hadn't you?

　　(2) “has, have”作為助動(dòng)詞和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，反問形式不同。

　　We have done all the work, haven't we?

　　You have some time, don't you?

　　金牌要點(diǎn)如下

　　2. “seldom, barely, hardly, scarcely, few, little” 語意本身是否定，因此反意問句應(yīng)為肯定形式。

　　She seldom comes to visit us, does she?

　　He hardly knew it, did he?

　　3.當(dāng)主句為祈使句，反意問句提出要求，命令應(yīng)用 “will you”

　　Do it at once, will you?

　　但如表示邀請，勸告，反意問句用 “won't you”

　　Have a cup of tea, won't you?

　　4.否定祈使句應(yīng)用 “will you” 來反問。

　　Don't open the window, will you?

　　5. “Let's” 短語

　　● 當(dāng)其為肯定形式，“shall we” 提出反問

　　Let's play basketball, shall we?

　　● 當(dāng)其為否定形式，“all right, ok” 提出反問

　　Let's not go to the party, all right?

　　● 如為 “let us ...” 其反問形式應(yīng)為 “will you” 提出請求

　　Let us go home, will you?

　　6.當(dāng) “think, suppose, consider, believe” etc 被用作為主句謂語動(dòng)詞，其后帶有賓語從句時(shí)，反意疑問問句應(yīng)與從句保持一致。

　　Idon't think that he is an honest man, is he?

　　十一、平行結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1.系列動(dòng)詞：

　　after school, we sang, danced and played the piano in the classroom.

　　2.系列形容詞：

　　She is slim, tall, blond and beautiful.

　　3.系列副詞：

　　The students are listening to me carefully and eagerly.

　　平行結(jié)構(gòu)不僅包括動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，也包括分詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，名詞短語和句子等的平行用法，務(wù)必提高辨別力。

　　十二、

　　(1) 從上兩例中看出，do / does / did 代替動(dòng)詞。

　　He translated the article better than I did. (did代替wrote it)

　　— Do you think she is clever?

　　— I think so. (so代替 she is clever)

　　(2) "so 與 not" 代替某個(gè)詞、短語、句子等，通常用于hope, think, believe, expect, suppose, be afraid, fear, imagine, etc后作賓語。

　　— Is it correct?

　　— I'm afraid not. (not correct)

　　(3) "to" 用作不定式，常跟隨下列動(dòng)詞：want, mean, hope, expect, refuse, seem, intend, be, afraid, etc.

　　I asked him to go to the party, but he refused to. (go to the party)

　　(4) "do so, do that, do it" 用來代替動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，而不能代靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

　　— He gave up studying English.

　　— Why did he do so? (= give up studying English)

　　— The dish tastes nice.

　　— Yes, so it does. (tastes nice)

　　(此句不能用it does it 或 it does so, 因taste屬靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。)

　　(5) 為使語言精煉，避免不必要的重復(fù)，對話中常用省略形式。

　　— He is thinking of buying a car?

　　— Is he? (這里，“thinking of buying a car”被省略了。)

　　— Will he come back in time?

　　— Perhaps. (省略了he will come back in time.)

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