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2024年最新英語專業(yè)八級(jí)考試閱讀訓(xùn)練題
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最新英語專業(yè)八級(jí)考試閱讀訓(xùn)練題 1
The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience
By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processesto mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Suchvariations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitationthreshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cellsremained negligible in significance for any possible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation,such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervousenergy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentialsfailed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methodsrefined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality ofthe impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead toinfluence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance amongnerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view,namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as“common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the qualityof the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce,but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidencefor this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field ofthe cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriatemodality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditorysensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in thesize, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneuralcorrelations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemedmuch more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth,movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the samecortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brainexcitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Braintheory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relativelyhomogenous nerve -cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses throughhomogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experiencepsychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerveimpulses.
1. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related wouldmost likely have been met with
[A] vexation [B] irritability [C] discouragement [D] neutrality
2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the
[A] lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.
[B] similarities in the views of the scientists.
[C] similarity of sensations of human beings.
[D] continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.
3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?
[A] Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of thebrain stimulated.
[B] Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.
[C] Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors theyproduce.
[D] Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitativevariation?
[A] Nerve cells. [B] Nerve impulses.
[C] Cortical areas. [C] Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.
答案詳解：
1. C. 令人失望。答案見文章的第一句話“到了1950年，大腦活動(dòng)過程和精神感受有關(guān)系的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果看起來令人沮喪�！�
A. 令人惱火。 B. 激怒。 D. 中立。 均不對(duì)。
2. A. 在人的神經(jīng)脈沖中缺少變異(差別)。Common currency本義是一般通用。這里的上下問決定了它的含義“無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)”。第二段“雖然神經(jīng)能量中的`質(zhì)變理論從沒有受到嚴(yán)厲的駁斥，但這一學(xué)說被普遍放棄，而贊成其對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn);那就是：神經(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量沙鍋內(nèi)基本相似，并作為無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)經(jīng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳送�！彼云胀}沖就是指神經(jīng)脈沖無變異，在質(zhì)量上基本相似。
B. 科學(xué)家觀點(diǎn)上的相似性。 C. 人類感覺相似性。 D. 神經(jīng)脈沖連續(xù)不斷通過神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。這三項(xiàng)和common currency 無關(guān)。
3. A. 受刺激的大腦部位影響感覺神經(jīng)脈沖所顯示的認(rèn)知感受。在第二道題譯文下面“根據(jù)這一理論，不是感覺神經(jīng)脈沖的質(zhì)量決定它們所產(chǎn)生的各種有意識(shí)的感覺。而是由脈沖在大腦中釋放的不同部位決定，并且有證據(jù)證明這一論點(diǎn)。”見難句譯注3。
B. 現(xiàn)在對(duì)神經(jīng)潛力的質(zhì)量變化可以進(jìn)行更精彩的研究。 C. 感官刺激是異源的，并深受它們所產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)感覺(感受器)的影響。 D. 神經(jīng)形態(tài)上的差異影響神經(jīng)傳遞長(zhǎng)度。
4. B. 神經(jīng)脈沖。這在第2題答案A中譯注(即第二段)已有明確的答復(fù)�！吧窠�(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量上基本相似……�！�
A. 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞。見難句譯注2，“有可能用其他辦法來顯示神經(jīng)細(xì)胞類型之間細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異�！� C. 外皮區(qū)域(部位)。 D. 神經(jīng)脈沖空間模式。見難句譯注5和本文最后一句“為了和精神感受多樣性吻合，心理學(xué)家只能指明神經(jīng)脈沖時(shí)空模式上的無限差異�！边@說明，它不是 “Leastqualitative variation.”
最新英語專業(yè)八級(jí)考試閱讀訓(xùn)練題 2
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.
Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.
Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.
My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.
Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”
Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.
The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.
I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.
We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.
習(xí)題
1. What the wise man said suggests that ________.
[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil
[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it
[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil
[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil
2. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________.
[A] society is to be held responsible
[B] modern civilization is responsible for it
[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame
[D] the standards of living should be improved
3. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________.
[A] less self-discipline
[B] better sense of discipline
[C] more mutual respect
[D] less effective government
4. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.
[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals
[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards
[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty
[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities
5. The key point of the passage is that ________.
[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families
[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow
[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior
[D] more people should accept the value of accountability
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