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英語專業(yè)四級(jí)復(fù)合句語法考點(diǎn)材料輔導(dǎo)
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一、 定語從句
五大概念：
概念一、什么是定語從句?
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。
在定語從句中，被修飾的這一名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。
在定語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞叫做關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞又分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
概念二、關(guān)系詞有哪些?
1、關(guān)系代詞：which(指sth 作主語或賓語)，that(指sb或sth 作主語或賓語)，who(指sb作主語或賓語)，whom(指sb作賓語)，whose(指sb或sth，作定語),as(指sb,sth 作主語或賓語); 注意: 做賓語的時(shí)候， 關(guān)系代詞可以省略。
2、關(guān)系副詞：when(指時(shí)間 on which)，where(指地點(diǎn) at which)，why(指原因 for which)
概念三、關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用?
1.引導(dǎo)定語從句; 2.代替先行詞; 3.在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。
Eg. The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
概念四、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有何區(qū)別及方法?
主要是它們?cè)趶木渲兴鸬淖饔貌煌ｊP(guān)系代詞在從句中一般作主語或賓語。而關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語。
Focus in：
v 方法一：句子成份法：關(guān)系代詞在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語;關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語。
v 方法二：句子完整法：關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句不完整;關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句是完整的。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.
概念五、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別
A. 限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。
B.非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語“...的” 通常譯成主句的并列句。 在非限制性定語從句中，通常用who, whom, whose 指人，用 which 指物。
Eg. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué).(意含：她還有其他哥哥。)
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的，他總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué)。(意含： 她只有一個(gè)哥哥。)
五大考點(diǎn)：
考點(diǎn)一. 先行詞為人時(shí)引導(dǎo)詞who和that
a. 用who不用that的情況：
(1)當(dāng)先行詞為one, ones, anyone, those時(shí)。(2)當(dāng)先行詞為人稱代詞時(shí)。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practice more.
b. 用that不用who的情況：
1)當(dāng)主句已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)who時(shí)。2)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)。
Who is the man that spoke to you just now?
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
考點(diǎn)二. 先行詞為物時(shí)引導(dǎo)詞that和which
a.只用that不用which 的情況：
(1)先行詞為much, little, few, nothing, none, anything, no, all等不定代詞
(2)先行詞既有人又有物。
(3)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾。
(4)先行詞被the very, the only, the last, just, all, any, every, no等修飾
(5)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語.
(6) 在疑問詞who、which、what開頭的句子中
(7) 主句是there be句型：
This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.
China is no longer the country that it used to be.
All that can be done has been done.
He spoke of the things and persons that he had seen abroad.
This is the very book that I am looking for.
Who is the man that is talking to Jim?
There is a man that lives in that village.
b.只能用which不用that的情況: 1.介詞后面 2.逗號(hào)后面
1. 定語從句中的介詞前置時(shí)關(guān)系代詞只能用which
2. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)只能用which, 其先行詞可是一個(gè)詞,也可是整個(gè)主句或主句的某一部分.
(1) The machine, which I have looked after for many year, is still working perfectly.
(2)My glasses, without which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
考點(diǎn)三：★★★★★介詞+關(guān)系代詞 (which/ whom)
**** 關(guān)系代詞前介詞的確定方法：
1. 定語從句的動(dòng)詞與先行詞的邏輯關(guān)系，或者從句的動(dòng)詞、形容詞的習(xí)慣性搭配。
Eg. The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look
Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands?
Ours is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud.
2.非限制性定語從句中，表示先行詞的一部分時(shí)，可用“數(shù)詞/代詞 + of + 關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，
e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
3. Whose從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為“ of +關(guān)系代詞”型，whose的先行詞指物時(shí), 可用of which代替,
但詞序不同， 即whose+n=the +n + of which =of which + the + n.
e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.
They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.
Of which the door open to the south.
考點(diǎn)四:關(guān)系副詞的運(yùn)用
�、� 先行詞為“時(shí)間的名詞”用when：time(day, night, morning, week, month, year等)+when…
Eg. I don’t remember the day when he left.(on which)
�、� 先行詞為“表示地點(diǎn)的名詞” ★★★★★ where：place(case, point, situation, condition, scene, stage, country, room, house, hotel, museum, school, street等)+where…
Eg. That is the house where he lived two years ago. (In which)
�、� 先行詞為“表示原因的名詞”why：reason+why…(表示原因的名詞只有一個(gè))
That's the reason why I helped him.(why =for which)
考點(diǎn)五：★★★★★ as與which引導(dǎo)的定語從句
兩者均可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，as 放在句首句中都可以，which 必需放在句中，但下列情況多用as。
1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句居句首時(shí)。e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 當(dāng)與such , as或the same連用時(shí)，一般用as。
e.g. That’s the same tool as I used last week.
I am not so strong a man as I was.我已經(jīng)沒有從前那么強(qiáng)壯了。
3. 當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。
Eg.Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
三大區(qū)別：
1.the same... as 和 the same ...that的用法辨異.
That’s the same tool as I used last week.(同類事物)
That’s the same tool that I used last week. 那就是我上周用過的工具。(指原物)
2. 定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別 判斷是否是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的方法是采用刪除法
分析：強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型：It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成份+that/who +其它部分.去掉 It is/was….that/who… ,句子照樣成立。
①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport.
�、贗t is the factory _____ Mr Wang works.
3、定語從句與習(xí)慣句型的區(qū)別
�、買t is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai.
(It is/was the first/second . time +that從句)
�、贗t was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life.
三大注意：
1. the way 做先行詞時(shí)，定語從句可由that, in which 引導(dǎo)或不用引導(dǎo)詞。
2. 定語從句中主謂一致問題：從句中的動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與它的先行詞保持一致。
He is one of the teachers who know English well.
He is the only one of the teachers who knows English well.(特殊)
3.疑問句的解題思路 ：先把疑問句還原成陳述句，然后判斷誰是先行詞，再看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞�，最后確定正確答案。
1. Is this factory ____ we visited last week?
2. Is this the factory ____ we visited last Week?
A、where B、that C、to which D、the one
★★小試牛刀
That is the factory where produces 100,000TV sets a year.
That is the factory that his father once worked.
I’ll never forget the days when we spent on that lonely island.
I’ll never forget the day when/on which I joined the Party.
二、狀語從句
一：時(shí)間狀語從句
1，連詞：when, while, as, till/until, before, after, since, once, as soon as ，every time, the moment, the minute， no sooner ..than hardly…when等
2.五大考點(diǎn)：
考點(diǎn) ⑴ when VS while VS as
★ 當(dāng)….的時(shí)候 ★當(dāng)…的時(shí)候 ★ 當(dāng)….的時(shí)候
when while as ★一邊….一邊….
★趁著…時(shí)候 ★ 隨著…
考點(diǎn) ⑵ till / until “直到….為止”
Eg. Mother waited for Tom till/ until it was far into the night. ( 持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)
Eg. Tom didn’t get back till / until everything was all right.(短暫性動(dòng)詞)
考點(diǎn)⑶ when 的兩個(gè)句型
Sb is about to do sth when / Sb is doing sth when
考點(diǎn) ⑷ since“ 自從”
句型：it is/ has been +一段時(shí)間+since +從句
Eg. it is three days since I left Beijing.
It has been 10 years since I smoked.
考點(diǎn) ⑸ No sooner than/ hardly ..when/ scarcely..when 一 .就..用于句首要求倒裝
Eg. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
★幾種特殊句型結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：
(1)It is/was + 時(shí)刻 + when從句“某事發(fā)生時(shí)是什么時(shí)候。”
(2)It is/has been + 時(shí)間段 + since從句“自從……以來有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。”
(3)It will/would be + 時(shí)間段 + before 從句“還要過多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間……才……”
(4)It will/would not be + 時(shí)間段 + before 從句“過不了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間……就會(huì)……”
(5)It was + 時(shí)間段 + before從句“過了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才……”
(6)It was not + 時(shí)間段 + before從句“沒過多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就……”
二、條件狀語從句
1,連接詞：if , unless( 如果..不，除非), so/as long as(只要), on condition that(條件是)，as (so) far as ( 據(jù)..所知), provided that(要是，如果)， in case(假使，如果)，等
2.兩大考點(diǎn)：
考點(diǎn) ⑴ Once --- 一但……就……
Eg. Once you see him, you will never forget him.
考點(diǎn) ⑵ In case --- 假使, 如果
The plane cannot take off in case it rains.
三，原因狀語從句
1，連接詞：
Because, since, as(放句首) , for, now that(既然，由于), when(既然), considering that(顧及到---), seeing that(由于)。(都表示原因，語氣依次減弱)
2，考試聚焦
考點(diǎn)一、Because VS since VS for
Because: 表示“因?yàn)?rdquo;，表示直接的或明確的原因;
Since: 表示“既然”， 表示已知或顯然的原因;
for : 不是從屬連詞，而是并列連詞。它不是用來說明原因，而是用來表示一種附帶或補(bǔ)充解釋、說明，不放在句首。
Eg: It was because his mother was badly ill that he was unhappy.
Since everyone makes mistakes in life, you needn’t scold him for it.
The day breaks, for the birds are singing.
考點(diǎn)二、 when 既然
Eg. How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen?
四，讓步狀語：
1.連接詞:though/although(雖然), as /though(雖然), even if/though(即使)whatever(無論什么), wherever(無論哪里), while (盡管)等引導(dǎo)。
2，考試聚焦：
考點(diǎn)一：though/although 不與but 連用, 但是他們都可以同yet (still) 連用. 所以though (although)…yet(still)的格式是正確的
考點(diǎn)二：while 盡管 eg. While I have sympathy for you, I can’t help you.
考點(diǎn)三：Whether ---不管，常與or not 連用
Eg. Whether he is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad.
考點(diǎn)四：no matter +疑問詞相當(dāng)于疑問詞+ever: 不管…都…
五、地點(diǎn)狀語從句: where/ wherever (wherever --- 無論哪里)
考點(diǎn)聚焦：地點(diǎn)狀語從句和where定語從句的區(qū)別：
Tips: 判斷是定語從句還是地點(diǎn)狀語從句，要看從句前是否有先行詞，有先行詞的是定語從句，否則是狀語從句。
Eg. Where there is a will, there is a way. This is the factory where my father works.
六、結(jié)果狀語從句
1. 連接詞： so that(=in order to 因而), so…that.(太..以至于)，such…that(太…以至于)
2.考試聚焦：考點(diǎn)句型
(1) so + 形容詞/副詞+ that從句;
(2) such a/an + 形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that從句;
(3) so + 形容詞+ a/an + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that從句;
(4)such + 形容詞+ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+that從句
七、目的狀語從句
1. 連接詞：so that(以便), in order that(為了), for fear that(為了防止), lest(以防)
Eg. He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
八、比較狀語從句 (倍數(shù)+the depth/height/width/weight of )
1. 連接詞：A. ….as…as… B. ….adj. + -er than… C. the more…the more…
Eg. This work is not as easy as you think
The more you work, the more you earn. He runs faster than i.
The room is twice as big as that one. The room is twice bigger than that one.
The room is twice the size of that one. The well is three times the depth of that one.
★ While 的總結(jié)用法：1. 當(dāng)…的時(shí)候;2. 而，卻;3. 趁著;4. 只要;5.雖然，盡管。
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