考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句常見(jiàn)的省略情況有哪些
攻克考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句要注意對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的把握，對(duì)語(yǔ)法的靈活運(yùn)用。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題指導(dǎo)，歡迎大家前來(lái)閱讀。
考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句常見(jiàn)的省略情況
一、在單句中的省略情況。
1、有省主語(yǔ)：(We’ve) Got to go now;
2、省略謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的一部分：(Is)The machine still not working;
3、省略賓語(yǔ)Which of them is the better choice?-Well, it’s hard to say (it).;
4、省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)(或謂語(yǔ)的一部分)，只剩下表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或其他成分What a pity (it is) you can’t go to the lecture.
5、還有省略不定式、省略冠詞等等。
二、并列句中的省略。
在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果后半句出現(xiàn)and, but, neither, either, nor, so, too時(shí)，后一分句與前一分句相同的部分可以省略。【例：Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules. 在該句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞warn后接兩個(gè)并列的that引導(dǎo)的賓從。第一個(gè)從句中使用了not…but…”不是…而是…”句型，but后省略了與not后相同的動(dòng)詞live.】
三、不定式符號(hào)to后的省略。
有些動(dòng)詞比如afford, hate, have, hope, intend等之后，to往往省略動(dòng)詞，以免重復(fù)。
四、此外在狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略情況。
由whenever, whatever, wherever, however, no matter how/what/when/where以及whether…or等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，也常常發(fā)生省略情況�！纠樱築ut particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.在這句when引導(dǎo)的條件狀從中，因從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同，都為today’s social indices,故when后省略主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞。這句話(huà)可翻譯成尤其如果將當(dāng)下的社會(huì)指數(shù)放在美國(guó)動(dòng)蕩的歷史環(huán)境中來(lái)看，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些指數(shù)并未表示一個(gè)黑暗而惡化的社會(huì)環(huán)境�！�
五、在定語(yǔ)從句中的省略
1、在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可省略作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞whom,which,that. 例句：That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.
2、在direction(方向)，way(方式)，distance(距離)，time(時(shí)間)，times(倍數(shù))等會(huì)面所接的定義從句中常省略that ,which, in which. 例句：The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.
考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句拆分的信號(hào)
考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句拆分信號(hào)：
1、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：比如，2個(gè)逗號(hào)形成插入語(yǔ)，破折號(hào)表示解釋說(shuō)明，分號(hào)相當(dāng)于“and”表示并列;
2、連詞：并列句的并列連詞and、or、but、yet、for等，從句的從屬連詞which、that、when、how、if等;
3、介詞：介詞引導(dǎo)介詞短語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中可充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等修飾成分;
4、不定式符號(hào)to：不定式符號(hào)to引導(dǎo)不定式短語(yǔ)，在句子中除了可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等主干成分外，還可做定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等修飾成分;
5、分詞：分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞，在句子中可充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)修飾成分。
下面我們就按照長(zhǎng)難句拆分原則，依照這些拆分信號(hào)，結(jié)合考研英語(yǔ)閱讀或翻譯真題中的長(zhǎng)難句進(jìn)行實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練一下吧!
1、{C}This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
(1)句子拆分
拆分點(diǎn)：從屬連詞、介詞、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
This trend began∥during the Second World War,∥when several governments came to the conclusion∥that the specific demands∥that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen∥in detail.
(2)句子結(jié)構(gòu)
找謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(began, came, wants, cannot be foreseen);
↓
找連詞(when, that, that)
↓
前面沒(méi)有從屬連詞的動(dòng)詞即為主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
↓
確定主從句
主句：This trend began during the Second World War;
從句：定語(yǔ)從句when several governments came to the conclusion修飾the Second World War，本從句嵌套著一個(gè)二級(jí)從句即同位語(yǔ)從句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail修飾conclusion和一個(gè)三級(jí)從句that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修飾demands。
(3)解析
during the Second World War介詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ);when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail做定語(yǔ)修飾the Second World War;that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail同位語(yǔ)從句修飾conclusion;that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修飾demands。
(4)本句的參考譯文
這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見(jiàn)的。
總之，只要考生對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)有個(gè)透徹的理解，弄清句子的各個(gè)成分，并可以借助連詞、介詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等手段把句子由簡(jiǎn)單變得復(fù)雜，由復(fù)雜變得簡(jiǎn)單，這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析技能提高了，長(zhǎng)難句也就攻克了，對(duì)于考研閱讀和翻譯的理解也就簡(jiǎn)單了。
考研英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)復(fù)習(xí)如何構(gòu)建你的單詞庫(kù)
1.Choose a specific theme for building vocabulary
1.選擇一個(gè)特定的主題來(lái)構(gòu)建詞匯量
When building vocabulary, you can guide yourself by focusing on a specific theme for the words you're learning. Pick a context or a specific topic -- say, sports, or words associated with feelings -- then study words related to that topic.
在構(gòu)建詞匯量時(shí)，你可以引導(dǎo)自己專(zhuān)注于某個(gè)特定的`主題來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)單詞。選擇一個(gè)背景或特定的話(huà)題--比如，運(yùn)動(dòng)或與感受相關(guān)的詞匯 - 再學(xué)習(xí)與該話(huà)題相關(guān)的詞匯。
Words describing emotions is an interesting choice, for instance, as it includes words like enthusiastic and excited. The category of sports words, on the other hand, includes exciting words like throw, spin, or marathon.
描述的情感的詞匯是一個(gè)有趣的選擇。例如，它包含了像enthusiastic(熱情)和excited(興奮)之類(lèi)的單詞。另一方面，運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)別的詞匯，包括像throw(擲)，spin(旋轉(zhuǎn))，或marathon(馬拉松)之類(lèi)等令人激動(dòng)的詞語(yǔ)。
You could also study “travelling around town” words like sidewalk, intersection, or pavement; or words related to everyday life, like foods available at the supermarket. You could even study words about school work!
你也可以學(xué)習(xí)在鎮(zhèn)上旅游之類(lèi)的詞語(yǔ)，像人行道，十字路口，或者路面;或與日常生活中相關(guān)的單詞，比如，超市里可見(jiàn)的食物。甚至你可以學(xué)習(xí)與學(xué)校作業(yè)有關(guān)的單詞!
Whatever theme you pick, create stories in your mind and speak them aloud using words related to that theme.
無(wú)論你選擇何種主題，在腦子里編一個(gè)故事，再以與那個(gè)主題相關(guān)的單詞大聲地說(shuō)出來(lái)。
2.Tips for easily memorizing your words
2.輕松記憶單詞的技巧
When you have settled on vocabulary words, write them down or print them out. Carry the list with you always. In the pauses of your busy day-when you're sitting on the bus, in the dentist's office, during commercials-take out the paper and review your vocabulary words until you feel comfortable that you would recognize (and be able to use) these words the next time you see them. Use sticky notes and put them on computers, on cupboards, and other places you're likely to see them, as a reminder.
當(dāng)你選中了單詞，把它們寫(xiě)出來(lái)或者打印出來(lái)。隨時(shí)隨地?cái)y帶在身邊。在繁忙的一天中的休息時(shí)間里--當(dāng)你在公交車(chē)上，在牙科診所，在宣傳期間--拿出小紙條，復(fù)習(xí)一下單詞直到你覺(jué)得自己下次看到的時(shí)候能認(rèn)識(shí)(并能夠使用)。使用便利貼，把它們粘在計(jì)算機(jī)上，櫥柜上，和其他你容易看到的地方，作為一種提醒。
Try jumbling the letters of your vocabulary words up, then unscrambling them to form the word again. Work with the words until you are very comfortable using them in sentences on your own.
試著把你的詞匯表中的單詞混在一起，梳理之后再形成單詞。好好學(xué)習(xí)這些單詞直到你自己能自如地運(yùn)用在句子中。
Remembering the words is very important! How do we do this? Try to associate each word with a picture or some other representation in your mind. This will help you remind yourself of the word's meaning. You don't have to actually draw or see this picture -- you can use your imagination to create suitable images!
記住單詞是非常重要的事!我們要怎么做到這一點(diǎn)呢?盡量將每個(gè)單詞與一幅圖片或其他能在你腦海中浮現(xiàn)的東西聯(lián)系起來(lái)。這將幫助你記憶這個(gè)詞的意思。你不必實(shí)際描繪或看到這幅圖片--你可以用你的想象力創(chuàng)造出合適的圖像!
It's also important to not try to learn more than 7-10 new words in a day. Generally, it's safer to aim for 5-6 words a day for better retention. This, of course, depends on how much time you have each day for studying vocabulary.
請(qǐng)記住，每天試著學(xué)習(xí)的新單詞不要超過(guò)7-10。一般情況下，將每天的目標(biāo)定為5-6個(gè)新單詞更為安全，這樣記憶效果更好。當(dāng)然，這取決于你每天有多少時(shí)間來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)詞匯。
3.Read whatever you're interested in
3.閱讀任何你感興趣的內(nèi)容
Pick out something you want to read in your target language. As you read, underline the words you don't understand. Then you should write them down within a sentence so you can see how each word fits into the sentence. Repeat the words until you are very familiar with them.
篩選一些你想讀的內(nèi)容，是你目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言的版本。當(dāng)你閱讀時(shí)，將你不理解的部分劃線(xiàn)標(biāo)注。隨后你應(yīng)該將它們以一個(gè)句子寫(xiě)下來(lái)，這樣你就可以看到每個(gè)單詞是如何恰如其分地適合這個(gè)句子。重復(fù)這些單詞直到你非常熟悉它們。
4.Make sure you learn new forms of new words
4.確保你掌握新單詞的新形式
Some words have many different forms, like silent (adjective)， silently (adverb) and silence (noun)。 Practice forming sentences which the different forms of these words, and try to use as many forms of the words in sentences as possible.
有些單詞有很多不同的形式，像silent 安靜的(形容詞)， silently 安靜地(副詞)和 silence無(wú)聲(名詞)。練習(xí)用這些單詞的不同形式來(lái)造句，并盡可能多地在句子中嘗試單詞的不同形式。
A good way to combine this practice with your grammar learning is by thinking about each word and identifying which part of speech it is. Is it a noun, a verb, an adjective, or an adverb? It can help you to understand how those different parts of speech are formed. For instance, you can make a plural noun by adding an s, or an adverb by adding ly.
一個(gè)比較好的方法是將這樣的練習(xí)與你的語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)合起來(lái)，思考每一個(gè)單詞，確認(rèn)它在句子中是屬于哪一部分，是名詞，動(dòng)詞，形容詞還是副詞?這樣可以幫助你了解一個(gè)句子中不同的部分是如何組成的。例如，你可以通過(guò)添加一個(gè)s得到一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞，或者在形容詞后加ly得到一個(gè)副詞。
For example: beauty is a noun, beautify is a verb, and beautiful is an adjective. Use them in sentences differently.
例如：beauty(美麗)是一個(gè)名詞， beautify (美化)是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，而beautiful(美麗的)是一個(gè)形容詞。它們?cè)诰渥又杏梅ú煌?/p>
5.Listen attentively to all conversations
5.認(rèn)真傾聽(tīng)所有對(duì)話(huà)
Whether it's the news in English, a movie, or a class lecture, pay attention to what's being said! Make note of the words that you didn't understand.
無(wú)論是英語(yǔ)新聞，電影，或一個(gè)講座，注意傾聽(tīng)所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容!記下你聽(tīng)不懂的話(huà)。
When you find an unfamiliar word, refer to the dictionary for an explanation. Browse through words and make them your friends. Whichever new words you hear and read, mark them in the dictionary. Keep a tab of the number of words that you have mastered. Keep a goal for a week, for a month and so on.
當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生的單詞，查找一下字典上的解釋。通過(guò)瀏覽文字，熟悉它們。無(wú)論你聽(tīng)到還是看到新詞，在字典里標(biāo)注它們。將你已經(jīng)掌握的單詞數(shù)量做一個(gè)標(biāo)簽。每個(gè)星期、每個(gè)月都為自己定一個(gè)目標(biāo)。
When you meet your first goal -- and for each subsequent goal you complete -- treat yourself! Go out and celebrate, because you're learning vocabulary!
當(dāng)你完成自己的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)--以及后續(xù)你完成的每一個(gè)目標(biāo)--獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)一下自己!出去好好慶祝，因?yàn)槟阏趯W(xué)習(xí)詞匯!
Happy learning!
請(qǐng)快樂(lè)地學(xué)習(xí)!
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