考研英譯漢中有哪些?级陶Z和句型
考研英語翻譯部分,要求考生用精確地道的漢語翻譯5個(gè)劃線句子,介于兩種語言的文化和表達(dá)差異,大家需要掌握翻譯的方法技巧。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英譯漢中常考短語和句型指導(dǎo),歡迎大家前來閱讀。
考研英譯漢中?级陶Z和句型
一、翻譯技巧
翻譯過程中包括兩個(gè)階段:正確理解和充分表達(dá)。理解是表達(dá)的前提,而表達(dá)是理解的目的和結(jié)果,二者缺一不可,因此,考生在做英譯漢部分試題時(shí):
(1)切記不可急躁,一定要先通讀全文,把握全文的主旨、內(nèi)容,把握劃線部分的語境;
(2)在著重理解劃線部分時(shí),首先要在語義上理清全句的整體意思和每個(gè)單詞的意思;其次要分析清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu),理出句群,找出各分句之間的關(guān)系;
(3)可考慮先打一份翻譯草稿,再根據(jù)文章意義和漢語結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
由于英語中一詞多義的現(xiàn)象十分普遍,且英漢詞典中給出的漢語解釋未必全面,未必與英文的意思完全對(duì)等,這就給我們帶來兩方面的問題:
第一,我們需要根據(jù)該多義詞在其語言環(huán)境中的詞類、搭配關(guān)系甚至是單復(fù)數(shù)形式來確定其基本意思;第二,在“忠實(shí)”的原則下,如果詞典上的釋義顯得不“通順”,那么為了“忠實(shí)”與“通順”的統(tǒng)一,我們必須立足于原意,對(duì)其加以適當(dāng)?shù)囊辍?/p>
選擇詞義的時(shí)候,要根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類及上下文的搭配關(guān)系來確定。
二、英譯漢中?级陶Z和句型:
(1)not that…but that…
(2)can not…too…
(3)other than
(4)It is reported / asserted / believed / considered / said /supposed that…
(5)nothing less than
(6)anything but
(7)nothing but
(8)all but
(9)but for
(10)but that+從句
(11)only to+動(dòng)詞
(12)not so much…as…
(13)not so much as
(14)not nearly/far from
(15)by no means (同義短語還有:in no way,in no case, in no respects, at no time, on no account, under no circumstance)
(16)to say nothing of/ still less(常用于否定句后)
(17)let alone
(18)no more…than…
(19)no more than
(20)more…than…
(21)more than
(22)no less…than
(23)no less than
(24)apart from
(25)no choice but
考研英語作文高分寫作的語法結(jié)構(gòu)
▶1. 主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句
“英文多被動(dòng),漢語多主動(dòng)”,還需要警惕名詞與動(dòng)詞之間暗含的“主被動(dòng)”關(guān)系。
Eg1: It is said that …據(jù)說/相傳
Eg2:I suggest that … It is suggested that …
Eg3:Effective measures should be taken before things get worse.表建議
Eg4: your prompt attention to my enquiry would be highly appreciated. 表感激
Eg5:Students should study hard.
Students are expected / well-advised to study hard.
▶2. 簡(jiǎn)單句變從句
名詞性從句,含主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句四種;定語從句;狀語從句
A. 主語從句:
Eg1:What worries many parents is that Internet or computer games may impact kids’ study.
Eg2:It is said that an emperor of ancient China discovered Tea 5,000 years ago. (it為形式主語;that從句為真正主語)
B.賓語從句:
Eg1:Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow, not by how much they can earn.
Eg2: I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to study hard.
Eg3:明智的人不為別人的想法所影響。The sensible man is not influenced by what other people think.
C. 表語從句:
Eg1:That is why China is called the “Kingdom of Bicycles”.
Eg3:In team games, practice is what improves our sense of cooperation.
D. 同位語從句
Eg1:(Martin Luther King) I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." (該句中a dream = that 從句,)
Eg2:Others hold the different idea that online shopping brings us some problems.
E. 含同位語句式
A.人 身份
Eg. I am convinced that …
As a college student, I am convinced that …
I, as a college student, am convinced that …
B. 物 性質(zhì)
Eg. A strong will brings us power …
As a vital quality, a strong will brings us power…
A strong will, as a vital quality, brings us power…
插入語
Eg1:As I see, the causes of this phenomenon are diverse.
The causes of this phenomenon, as I see, are diverse.
Eg2:All of a sudden, the silence of the lake was broken by a scream.
The silence of the lake, all of a sudden, was broken by a scream.
Eg3:Even so, others hold a different view.
Others, even so, hold a different view.
Eg4:Like anything else, automobiles have more than one side. (汽車跟很多其他事物一樣,具有兩面性)
Automobiles, like anything else, have more than one side.
F. 定語從句:
步驟:1)先寫出正確簡(jiǎn)單句,確定被修飾成分(中心名詞)
2)在中心名詞后加入定從,關(guān)系詞who, whose, whom, where, which, when
Eg1:Taobao is a particularly popular website. ? Taobao is a particularly popular website, where/in which customers can purchase various goods.
Eg2:I will advice my foreign friend to visit Great Wall, where he or she can acquire knowledge of Chinese history.?
▶3. it 句式
A. 形式主語 it is +被動(dòng)/形容詞/名詞+that從句/to do …
Eg1:It is suggested/ well-advised / supposed / proposed that sb. should (not) do …
Eg2:It is essential / necessary / advisable / convenient/ difficult/ hard/ comfortable for sb. (not) to do
Eg3:It is essential / necessary that sb. should (not) do …
Eg4:It is useless/useful doing sth.
B. 形式賓語
Eg1:An increasing number of students find it difficult to spell common words correctly.
Eg2:An increasing number of parents find it hard to have opportunities to chat with kids, who spend too much time on computers.
Eg3:A host of youngsters find it rather boring and hard to understand literature.
▶4. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
A. 強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語:
Eg1:I love you. /I do love you. / I did love you.
Eg2:Cell phone/ Internet/ computer brings us convenience.
Cell phone/ Internet/ computer does bring us convenience.
B. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句式:It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that/who+句子其他成分。
【步驟】
a. 先寫出正確的簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句或復(fù)合句,明確單句的各個(gè)成分。
b. 在被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分(除謂語和補(bǔ)語外)兩邊添加it is/was 和that/who, 其他成分不變,必要時(shí)調(diào)整順序。
【強(qiáng)調(diào)句式特征】去掉it is/was…that/who結(jié)構(gòu),整個(gè)句子無冗余或成分殘缺。
Eg1:My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.
It is my mother who/that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.
It is when I have difficulties in study that my mother always encourages me not to lose heart.
Eg2:Parents’ protection does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)句式否定形式)It is parents’ protection that does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.
Eg3:The Internet does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.
It is the Internet that does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.
▶5. 倒裝
A. 表否定的副詞、短語或狀語位于主語之前或句首,主句半倒裝(一般疑問句語序);如never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, on no account, by mo means, in no case,
Eg1:I will never agree. Never will I agree.
B. Only +狀語位于句首,主句半倒裝。
Eg1:When my beloved is beside myself, I can feel the true happiness.
Only when my beloved is beside myself, can I feel the true happiness.
Eg2:When his computer crashes, he will come down-stairs for something to eat.
Only when his computer crashes, will he come down-stairs for something to eat.
Eg3:By doing small things, teenagers can accumulate ability and experience for something big.
Only doing small thing, can teenagers accumulate ability and experience for something big.
C.As/though倒裝形式
Eg1:Although she is a girl, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.
Girl as she is, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.
Eg2:Though it is convenient, online shopping leads to some problems.
Convenient as/though it is, online shopping leads to some problems.
Eg3:Although it is simple, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.
Simple as it is, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.
▶6.雙重否定:
Eg1:no ____ is / are more _____ than ________.
In contemporary society, no means of communication is more popular and common than cell phones.
Eg2:A strong will is very important.
The importance of a strong will cannot be too emphasized.
Eg3:Education helps people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.
Without education, it is impossible for people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.
▶7. Ving/ved 狀語
A. 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生且主語一致,將次要?jiǎng)幼鲗懗蓈-ing或v-ed形式做狀語,即動(dòng)作與邏輯主語之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)寫成v-ing形式、為被動(dòng)關(guān)系是寫成V-ed形式。
Eg1:I climbed the stairs. I took a suitcase.
I climbed the stairs, taking a suitcase.
Climbing the stairs, I took a suitcase.
Eg2:When they are compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.
Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.
Bicycles, compared with cars, are superior in several ways.
B.兩個(gè)動(dòng)作主語一致,但前后發(fā)生,則可將先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作寫成Having +ved形式。
Eg1:He had lived in this city for years. He had no difficulty finding the way home.
Having lived in this city for years, he had no difficulty finding the way home.
▶8. 排比結(jié)構(gòu)
Eg1:Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. (Bacon)
Eg2:We shall fight on the hills. We shall fight in the streets. We shall fight blood and sweet and tears. (Churchill)
Eg3:作為一種重要素質(zhì),自信帶給我們力量、喚起我們對(duì)生活的熱愛、幫助我們戰(zhàn)勝困難。
As a vital quality, confidence brings us power, arouses our enthusiasm for life, and helps us to conquer difficulties.
考研英語中應(yīng)用文寫作,通過模板句型,經(jīng)典的例句完全可以得到比較理想的分?jǐn)?shù),因?yàn)?ldquo;言簡(jiǎn)意賅”就是它的特點(diǎn)。而大作文對(duì)于語言表達(dá)上的要求要高幾個(gè)level,只是模式化的文字已經(jīng)不足以打動(dòng)考官,需要在原有的結(jié)構(gòu)上進(jìn)一步創(chuàng)新,讓考官看的跌宕起伏,還是昏昏欲睡才是高低分的關(guān)鍵所在。
考研英語復(fù)習(xí)的思維
思維一:完形填空——結(jié)合上下文,結(jié)合技巧
完形填空應(yīng)該是考研比較難的一部分,但是完形填空也不是沒有技巧方法可循, 從歷年的平均分可看出,每年平均分都在5分左右,低于及格分。又由于完形填空所占分值不高,許多同學(xué)都選擇避開,復(fù)習(xí)閱讀時(shí)順帶復(fù)習(xí)完形,或者干脆不管考試時(shí)“蒙一水”。這種做法有一定道理,畢竟完型較難,分值不多,就算投入大量時(shí)間和精力也不一定能保證多幾分。
完形填空做題技巧歷來都受同學(xué)厚愛,完形填空答題不能死板,不需要每個(gè)句型,每個(gè)單詞的意思都要領(lǐng)悟到,建議考生答題時(shí)結(jié)合上下文對(duì)句子和填空部分進(jìn)行分析,運(yùn)用技巧思維進(jìn)行解答。
A、完形填空的第一句話作為文章的開篇,告訴我們文章的主題,下面的內(nèi)容都是圍繞它展開,因此第一句都是完整的,我們也要緊抓第一句話,自己所做的選擇都應(yīng)與第一句的'意思相一致。另外注意完形填空選的是最佳答案,而不是正確答案
B、同義原則:在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,當(dāng)兩個(gè)或三個(gè)實(shí)詞互為同義詞時(shí),答案往往在其中。當(dāng)兩個(gè)或三個(gè)虛詞互為同義詞時(shí),往往都不選。當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有一個(gè)共同意思時(shí),該意思往往不能入選。更多的技巧和原則可參見李老師授課內(nèi)容。
C、學(xué)會(huì)利用紅花綠葉原則做題。完形詞匯分為紅花詞和綠葉詞。紅花詞就是每次出現(xiàn)在真題里都會(huì)選;綠葉詞就是屢次出現(xiàn)屢次不選。比如說however、although、yet、because等屬于紅花詞。Since、nowthat、what、if only、in case等都屬于綠葉詞。根據(jù)往年經(jīng)驗(yàn),利用紅花綠葉原則做題能做對(duì)2-5題,但同時(shí)也有失手可能,失手也是有原因的,因?yàn)楹秃竺嫣岬降脑瓌t矛盾了。
特別注意完形填空答案的規(guī)律
根據(jù)我們對(duì)歷年完形填空真題答案的整理和總結(jié),得到答案分布是有規(guī)律可循的:A、四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是4-6個(gè)之間,四個(gè)答案是均勻分布的。B、一般而言,A答案較多(至少五個(gè))C、沒有連續(xù)三個(gè)答案都是一樣的情況。D、在五個(gè)一組的答案里,至少要出現(xiàn)三個(gè)字母。
思維二: 閱讀理解——得方法者得天下
閱讀理解是考研的重頭戲,所占分值最大,并且在考研英語復(fù)習(xí)中,閱讀理解獲得高分就會(huì)有更大的可能性,重要的是講究做題方法,得方法者得天下。
(1)、掃描題干、劃出關(guān)鍵詞。拿到閱讀的第一步是先看題干,這樣可以建立目標(biāo)感,對(duì)文章主要內(nèi)容和脈絡(luò)有個(gè)大致了解。
(2)、通讀全文、抓住中心。通讀時(shí)要把握兩個(gè)重點(diǎn),一是文章首段;二是其余各段的轉(zhuǎn)折和首尾句。另外通讀時(shí)要思考三個(gè)問題:文章敘述的主要內(nèi)容、文章有無提到核心概念、作者大致態(tài)度。
(3)、仔細(xì)審題,返回原文:關(guān)鍵詞定位法,由題干出發(fā),尋找關(guān)鍵信息。
(4)、重疊選項(xiàng),得出答案:遇到難的文章可采用看一題讀一段的解題方式。
思維三:英語寫作——四步訓(xùn)練
首先要規(guī)劃寫作的進(jìn)程,這一項(xiàng)要在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練里完成。建議考生在動(dòng)筆之前花5分鐘左右的時(shí)間構(gòu)思并寫出提綱;然后用大約30分鐘的時(shí)間把短文寫好;如果你習(xí)慣于打草稿的話,可以用20分鐘的時(shí)間寫草稿,然后再用10分鐘左右的時(shí)間把草稿抄寫在試卷上,最后我們還要留出大約5分鐘的時(shí)間來檢查。這一項(xiàng)需要考生在平時(shí)考研英語復(fù)習(xí)訓(xùn)練中就嚴(yán)格要求自己,并養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣。
第二步就是審題。審題過程中考生要完成兩個(gè)任務(wù):一是分清題型,二是揣摩題意。審題時(shí),考生首先應(yīng)該分析題目是議論文、說明文、記敘文還是書信通知類的文體,因?yàn)椴煌念}型需要采用不同的寫作方法和不同的語言風(fēng)格。定下文章的文體之后,接下來考生要根據(jù)題中給出的詞語、圖畫等信息,確定文章的主題,限定寫作的范圍。
第三步構(gòu)思文章的寫作內(nèi)容。寫英語作文的時(shí)候,可能很多考研學(xué)生會(huì)遇到這樣的問題:確定了文章的主題和寫作范圍,但文章的內(nèi)容卻無從下手。不過我感覺有兩個(gè)方法還挺有用處的。一是聯(lián)想法,根據(jù)題目提供的信息,盡可能快速盡可能多地聯(lián)想到和信息有關(guān)的材料,并把所有的材料一一記錄下來,這些材料可以是一個(gè)單詞,一個(gè)句子,一段話,也可以是一個(gè)事件,一個(gè)故事。二是提問法,考生可以從這六方面│who│what│ where│when│why│how│展開提問,并做相應(yīng)回答,同時(shí)考生也可以圍繞這些問題搜集相關(guān)材料,拓展寫作的思路。當(dāng)材料收集完成后,考生就要對(duì)所有材料進(jìn)行分析篩選,選出適合的材料作為寫作的重點(diǎn)。
第四步擬寫大綱。當(dāng)寫作的主題、范圍、材料都收集完成后,接下來考生要寫個(gè)作文提綱,好的提綱是寫作過程中好的助手。它可以幫我們確定作文的主題和結(jié)構(gòu)、有序地組織自己的觀點(diǎn)、合理地安排材料。寫大綱的時(shí)候,我們可以使用完整的句子,也可以使用單詞或短語。使用完整的句子寫大綱比較詳細(xì),而且有些主題句在最后寫成文的時(shí)候直接可以使用。而如果使用單詞或短語來寫大綱的話則會(huì)更快、更簡(jiǎn)潔。至于選擇哪種方法,考生要根據(jù)自身情況決定。
思維四:考研真題——正確對(duì)待歷年英語真題
暑假同學(xué)們需要熟悉一下真題的風(fēng)格和難度。這有利于尋找與真題接近的模擬題。做模擬題的時(shí)間最好是按照考試正常時(shí)間進(jìn)行,嚴(yán)格要求。因?yàn)榻咏谡骖}的模擬題都屬于市面上模擬題中的精品,因此要好好珍惜,首先,同學(xué)們要對(duì)近10年的真題進(jìn)行分析和把握,可先在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)做歷年真題,然后認(rèn)真分析出錯(cuò)的題目,仔細(xì)找出原因,如:?jiǎn)卧~不認(rèn)識(shí)、句子讀不懂、語法結(jié)構(gòu)不熟悉等等。同學(xué)們可以將陌生的單詞和句式摘抄下來,以便隨時(shí)記憶。其次,同學(xué)們要有意識(shí)地?cái)U(kuò)大閱讀量。建議同學(xué)們每周看一至兩份《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》或《英語學(xué)習(xí)》等英語刊物,以積累閱讀量。同學(xué)們最好能在假期內(nèi)讀四五份報(bào)紙,四五本雜志。下面是做真題的步驟。
1.先不用詞典,按考試時(shí)的方式在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)(都說考研的文章15分鐘一篇就行)讀完,不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞就猜(剛開始的時(shí)候估計(jì)會(huì)比較痛苦,越到后面就越輕松,推薦從97年的開始,我記得那年的題些文章短、生詞也相對(duì)少),把答案記下來,這時(shí)千萬別對(duì)答案。
2.重新再讀一遍,可以用詞典,不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞就查出來記在別處(一定不要圖方便記在單詞旁邊,真題是要反復(fù)看的東西,記在旁邊,下次再檢驗(yàn)的時(shí)候,就要受影響。對(duì)了,答案也最好不要寫在題旁邊),這次閱讀時(shí)不要看對(duì)難句的分析,做完后記下答案,這時(shí)也最好別對(duì)答案。
3.把記下的不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞進(jìn)行記憶(就算是詞匯學(xué)習(xí)了,真題的閱讀已經(jīng)基本涵蓋了考研的重點(diǎn)詞匯),這樣至少在短期內(nèi),這篇文章對(duì)你沒有生詞。這樣再進(jìn)行最后的精讀,參閱注解對(duì)難句進(jìn)行分析,時(shí)間可以用得長(zhǎng)些,確保對(duì)文章的每個(gè)部分都充分理解,這時(shí)再做一遍題,記下答案。
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