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英語美文非英語專業(yè)
在學(xué)習(xí)、工作、生活中,大家應(yīng)該都對美文很熟悉吧?什么是美文?就像一千個人心中就有一千個哈姆雷特一樣,每個人心目中都有自己衡量美文的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。那么,你會寫美文嗎?下面是小編收集整理的英語美文非英語專業(yè),供大家參考借鑒,希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
英語美文非英語專業(yè)1
Love Your Life
However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it hard names. It is not so bad as you are. It looks poorest when you are richest. The fault finder will find faults even in paradise. Love your life, poor as it is. You may perhaps have some pleasant, thrilling, glorious hours, even in a poor-house. The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-houses as brightly as from the rich man's abode; the snow melts before its door as early in the spring. I do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there, and have as cheering thoughts as in a palace. The town's poor seem to me often live the most independent lives of any. Maybe they are simply great enough to receive without misgiving. Most think that they are above being supported by the town; but it oftener happens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest means, which should be more disreputable. Cultivate poverty like a garden herb, like sage. Do not trouble yourself much to get new things, whether clothes or friends. Turn the old; return to them. Things do not change; we change. Sell your clothes and keep your thoughts.
英語美文非英語專業(yè)2
Abundance is a Life Style
Abundance is a life style, a way of living your life. It isn’t something you buy now and then or pull down from the cupboard, dust off and use once or twice, and then return to the cupboard.
Abundance is a philosophy; it appears in your physiology, your value system, and carries its own set of beliefs. You walk with it, sleep with it, bath with it, feel with it, and need to maintain and take care of it as well.
Abundance doesn’t always require money. Many people live with all that money can buy yet live empty inside. Abundance begins inside with some main self-ingredients, like love, care, kindness and gentleness, thoughtfulness and compassion. Abundance is a state of being. It radiates outward. It shines like the sun among the many moons in the world.
Being from the brightness of abundance doesn’t allow the darkness to appear or be in the path unless a choice to allow it to. The true state of abundance doesn’t have room for lies or games normally played. The space is too full of abundance. This may be a challenge because we still need to shine for other to see.
Abundance is seeing people for their gifts and not what they lack or could be. Seeing all things for their gifts and not what they lack.
英語美文非英語專業(yè)3
Clear Your Mental Space
Think about the last time you felt a negative emotion---like stress, anger, or frustration. What was going through your mind as you were going through that negativity? Was your mind cluttered with thoughts? Or was it paralyzed, unable to think?
The next time you find yourself in the middle of a very stressful time, or you feel angry or frustrated, stop. Yes, that’s right, stop. Whatever you’re doing, stop and sit for one minute. While you’re sitting there, completely immerse yourself in the negative emotion.
Allow that emotion to consume you. Allow yourself one minute to truly feel that emotion. Don’t cheat yourself here. Take the entire minute---but only one minute---to do nothing else but feel that emotion.
When the minute is over, ask yourself, “Am I willing to keep holding on to this negative emotion as I go through the rest of the day?”
Once you’ve allowed yourself to be totally immersed in the emotion and really fell it, you will be surprised to find that the emotion clears rather quickly.
If you feel you need to hold on to the emotion for a little longer, that is OK. Allow yourself another minute to feel the emotion.
英語美文非英語專業(yè)4
Work and Pleasure
To be really happy, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human being may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week’s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.
英語美文非英語專業(yè)5
How to Keep Vital?
The critical element to physical vitality is ensuring that you have an abundant level of nerve energy. How do you do this? Realize that day-to-day you’re expending nerve energy through your actions, and as obvious as it sounds, you do need to make sure that you rest and recharge. By the way, how much sleep are you getting? If you’re regularly logging eight to ten hours of sack time, you’re probably getting too much sleep! Six to seven hours has been found to be optimum for most people. Contrary to popular belief, sitting still doesn’t preserve energy. The truth is, that’s usually when you feel most tired. The human nervous system needs to move to have energy.
To a certain extent, expending energy gives you a greater sense of energy. As you move, oxygen flows through your system, and that physical level of health creates the emotional sense of vitality that can help you to deal with virtually any negative challenge you could have in your life. So realize that a sense of vitality is a critical emotion to cultivate in order to handle virtual any emotions that come up in your life, not to mention the critical resource in experiencing consistent passion.
英語美文非英語專業(yè)6
The Love of Beauty
The love of beauty is an essential part of all healthy human nature. It is a moral quality. The absence of it is not an assured ground of condemnation, but the presence of it is an invariable sign of goodness of heart. In proportion to the degree in which it is felt will probably be the degree in which nobleness and beauty of character will be attained.
Natural beauty is an all-pervading presence. The universe is its temple. It
unfolds into the numberless flowers of spring. It waves in the branches of trees and the green blades of grass. It haunts the depths of the earth and the sea. It gleams from the hues of the shell and the precious stone. And not only these minute objects but the oceans, the mountains, the clouds, the stars, the rising and the setting sun---all overflow with beauty. This beauty is so precious, and so congenial to our tenderest and noblest feelings, that it is painful to think of the multitude of people living in the midst of it and yet remaining almost blind to it.
英語美文非英語專業(yè)7
摘要:
在當(dāng)前大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革日益深化的形勢下,開設(shè)面向高校非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的英美文學(xué)課程已成為一個新的趨勢。新的形勢下面對新的授課對象,英美文學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)策略有待改進和完善。本文探討如何將任務(wù)型教學(xué)法落實到面對非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的英美文學(xué)課程的教學(xué)中去。
關(guān)鍵詞:高校非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生;教學(xué)策略;任務(wù)型教學(xué)法;英美文學(xué)課程
英美文學(xué)是高校英語專業(yè)的必修課,教學(xué)大綱指出,英美文學(xué)課程“旨在通過引導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀和分析英美文學(xué)作品,促進學(xué)生語言基本功和人文素質(zhì)的提高,增強學(xué)生對西方文學(xué)及文化的了解”[1],由此可見這門課程的重要意義。在許多高校的大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革的過程中,英美文學(xué)課程也已經(jīng)被視為教改課程的組成部分。
英美文學(xué)課程不僅僅適用于高等院校的英語專業(yè)學(xué)生,而且在大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革的框架下,是能夠適用于并應(yīng)當(dāng)適用于高等院校非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的,很多學(xué)者已經(jīng)就此達成共識。因此,如何在新形勢下開設(shè)好這門課、專門研究面向高校非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的英美文學(xué)課程的教學(xué)策略和方法就成了一個值得探討和深入研究的課題。近年來在大學(xué)英語教學(xué)中廣受提倡的任務(wù)型教學(xué)法為這個問題的解決提供了一個有效的解決方案。
一、大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革下英美文學(xué)課程所面臨的形勢。
程愛民教授的課題組在對全國50所高校英美文學(xué)課程的教學(xué)情況的調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn),英美文學(xué)課程單一、課時偏少,課程難度偏高,導(dǎo)致大多數(shù)學(xué)生選擇去閱讀一些簡寫或縮寫本的文學(xué)作品,甚至用觀看原著改變的電影去代替閱讀名著[2]。目前看來,該調(diào)查所反映出來的英美文學(xué)課程教學(xué)相關(guān)問題,在高等院校的英語專業(yè)和非英語專業(yè)還是存在的,而對于非英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生來說,問題則顯得尤為突出。課時少是不可避免的問題,而讀簡寫本、甚至通過看電影的方式取代閱讀名著,也與他們薄弱的語言基礎(chǔ)有著密不可分的聯(lián)系,因為原著內(nèi)容畢竟難免艱深晦澀的。這些說明,英美文學(xué)課程需要有特定的教學(xué)方法與策略。
現(xiàn)有的外語教學(xué)方法,是因語言習(xí)得課程而設(shè),并不能自動而有效地運用到語言和文化并重的英美文學(xué)課程中去,即使已有的教學(xué)實踐已經(jīng)注意到適用于英美文學(xué)課程的教學(xué)法,那也主要是面向英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的,而非面向非英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生。隨著近年來大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革的深入,英美文學(xué)課程也被納入了高等院校非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生選修課的范疇。但是因為種種原因開設(shè)的并不成功,出現(xiàn)了諸如學(xué)生上課沒有興趣,選課人數(shù)較少,不能和其他選修課程和后續(xù)課程,如ESP(專門用途英語)課程競爭的情況。于是人們對是否應(yīng)該開設(shè)此類英美文學(xué)課程或者是否應(yīng)該重視這門課程產(chǎn)生了疑問。英美文學(xué)課程在高等院校的開設(shè)是素質(zhì)教育的要求,是英語教學(xué)大綱的要求,也是廣大學(xué)生的要求。
在大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革中,面對新的形勢,英美文學(xué)課程應(yīng)該努力尋找適合于自身及授課對象的新的教學(xué)法,積極探索任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在英美文學(xué)課程中的實現(xiàn)形式。
二、任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的理論基礎(chǔ)。
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法主要基于語言習(xí)得理論和哲學(xué)上的建構(gòu)主義理論。20世紀(jì)80年代,美國語言學(xué)家S。D。 Krash—en提出了語言輸入假說。該假說認(rèn)為語言習(xí)得的關(guān)鍵在于大量的可理解性的語言輸入。只要語言輸入達到一定程度,語言輸出就會自動產(chǎn)生,換言之即一定量的語言輸入是語言輸出的關(guān)鍵條件。[3]針對Krashen提出的假說,Swain提出了可理解輸出假說,該假說認(rèn)為語言輸出與語言輸入在語言習(xí)得過程中同樣關(guān)鍵。成功的語言習(xí)得有賴于兩者的共同作用,而不能僅僅注重語言輸入而忽視語言輸出。[4]任務(wù)型教學(xué)法則是一種強調(diào)語言輸出的重要性的教學(xué)方法。
皮亞杰(J。Piaget)和科恩伯格(O。Kernberg)提出的建構(gòu)主義理論也為任務(wù)型教學(xué)法提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。建構(gòu)主義理論認(rèn)為知識體系的建構(gòu)有賴于人們彼此間的交往、溝通和互動。知識的獲取不是單向的和封閉的,而是雙向的和互動的。學(xué)習(xí)者不會單純地去吸收外界的信息和知識,而是趨向于從自身情況出發(fā),考慮到自己的經(jīng)歷、背景、興趣、愛好等因素,從而構(gòu)建自己的知識體系,實現(xiàn)自我的提高和完善。在知識體系的構(gòu)建過程中發(fā)揮著主體作用的是學(xué)習(xí)者本人而不是教師,因為后者的作用只在于幫助和促進。建構(gòu)主義理論反對教師簡單地傳講授知識,提倡教師為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造自主習(xí)得的環(huán)境和機會,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性和興趣,鼓勵學(xué)生之間及師生之間的互動和協(xié)作,從而形成科學(xué)的知識構(gòu)建過程。
三、任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在英美文學(xué)課程中的落實。
(一)任務(wù)型教學(xué)法任務(wù)設(shè)計的一般原則和注意事項。
范玲玲認(rèn)為,依據(jù)實際教學(xué)環(huán)境,教師在編寫任務(wù)時應(yīng)遵循以下幾個基本原則:以學(xué)生為中心,以大綱和教材為基礎(chǔ),以學(xué)生需要和現(xiàn)實交際活動為參照;強調(diào)意義交流的重要性,促進學(xué)生之間和師生之間的交際愿望和活動,使交流的愿望和需要產(chǎn)生學(xué)習(xí)語言形式的動力;強化小組活動,促進小組成員間的協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí);加強師生互動,讓學(xué)生參與到任務(wù)編寫、實施和評估的全過程中;利用多媒體優(yōu)勢,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的習(xí)慣和能力。[5]
任務(wù)的設(shè)計還應(yīng)盡可能為學(xué)生營造一個輕松的、無心理壓力的語言環(huán)境,讓他們大膽運用英語進行交流,并體會到學(xué)習(xí)英語的樂趣,從而形成強烈的學(xué)習(xí)動機。[6]這些任務(wù)設(shè)計的原則和注意事項是任務(wù)型教學(xué)活動應(yīng)予遵循的共通原則。所以在將其落實到面向非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的英美文學(xué)教學(xué)過程中去的時候,也需要嚴(yán)格遵循。本文認(rèn)為,可以從教材的編選、教學(xué)過程的設(shè)計以及科學(xué)評價體系的建立這三個方面去落實這些原則和注意事項。
。ǘ┤蝿(wù)型教學(xué)法在英美文學(xué)教材編選中的落實教材是任何教學(xué)活動的基礎(chǔ)。
從目前的教材來看,任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在口語、綜合英語等教材中體現(xiàn)的比較明確,方便教師使用它去教學(xué),但是在英美文學(xué)教材中這一方面并沒有得到很充分的體現(xiàn),或者說,編者們在編寫教材的時候并沒有過多考慮將來授課的實際情況。目前通行的英美文學(xué)教材基本上是專門為英語專業(yè)編寫的,不可能充分而切實地考慮非英語專業(yè)教學(xué)的實際需要。從編寫的結(jié)構(gòu)上講,這些教材多數(shù)采用年代順序,完全涵蓋文學(xué)背景、作家作品、作品選讀和難點注釋四個方面。這種固定而單一的教材編寫模式與以教師為主導(dǎo)的課堂教學(xué)活動有著直接的聯(lián)系,強調(diào)文學(xué)史實和文學(xué)知識的灌輸,而忽略了興趣的開發(fā)。
這種教材也許適合英語專業(yè)的課堂教學(xué)模式,但是無疑給老師向非英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生講授英美文學(xué)帶來了很多難題。教師會在教材的影響下用大量時間來介紹學(xué)生并無興趣的背景知識,而無暇深入探討作品的主題。學(xué)生也會受教材影響習(xí)得專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)模式,興趣無從提高。對于艱深晦澀的英美文學(xué)經(jīng)典作品,課后零星的注釋只能起到個別解釋的作用,并不能幫助他們把握文學(xué)作品的深刻內(nèi)涵。王守仁教授明確指出這種形式“不能夠抓住學(xué)生的興趣和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對文本整體的分析和感悟能力”[7] 實際上教材的針對性不強這一缺陷可以被教師用教學(xué)方法規(guī)避,但是那實際上是教師自主開發(fā)出來了一套教材,那么原有教材的重要作用則沒有被充分發(fā)揮出來。教材畢竟是任何教學(xué)活動的基礎(chǔ),為了更好的服務(wù)于任務(wù)型教學(xué),一本系統(tǒng)而編排科學(xué)的教材是必須的。
沒有現(xiàn)成的教材可以運用,所以必須教師自主或者團隊編寫教材,從而最大程度符合高校非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的實際需求和實際水平。從教材的形成和編寫方面就為將來的任務(wù)型教學(xué)打下基礎(chǔ)。從難度上講,選材應(yīng)該這樣的原則:即篇章應(yīng)當(dāng)短小精悍,內(nèi)涵深刻,盡量貼近生活而非過于抽象,詞匯量要適中,避免選擇難度過大、句子結(jié)構(gòu)過于復(fù)雜的文章。另外材料應(yīng)具有文體的多樣性,比如說肖伯納的話劇、海明威的短篇小說,林肯的就職演說以及一些現(xiàn)代通俗英文小說,比如華裔女性作家的作品,比如說與科技發(fā)展與環(huán)境問題相關(guān)的新時代的小說。按照英美文學(xué)作品的主題來編寫教材是一個很好的途徑。英美文學(xué)作品主題豐富,可以精心選擇一些意義深刻的、能夠抓住大學(xué)生興趣的、對非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的思維開拓有助益的,或者與大學(xué)生生活和將來工作有關(guān)的主題,比如說人與自然的主題、環(huán)境保護、科技與人文的關(guān)系等等主題。對于這些主題,工科的非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生很容易產(chǎn)生興趣,對作品的閱讀有一種期待感。這樣教師在編寫任務(wù)的時候,就有很強的針對性和可行性,能夠起到很好的效果。
。ㄈ┤蝿(wù)型教學(xué)法在英美文學(xué)教學(xué)過程中的落實。
為了在教學(xué)過程中發(fā)揮任務(wù)型教學(xué)的優(yōu)勢,許多學(xué)者提出了相應(yīng)的教學(xué)模式,其中最著名的就是Willis提出的模式,它由前任務(wù)、任務(wù)環(huán)、后任務(wù)組成。三個階段中有不同的內(nèi)容。任務(wù)按照從易到難的順序,可分為六種類型(Willis, 1996):列舉型任務(wù)、整理型任務(wù)、比較型任務(wù)、解決問題型任務(wù)、分享個人經(jīng)歷型任務(wù)和創(chuàng)新型任務(wù)。[8]對此,教師要精心設(shè)置三個教學(xué)階段的任務(wù),充分考慮任務(wù)的難度選擇有效的任務(wù)類型進行使用,從而將任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的效果最大化。任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式并非簡單將任務(wù)交給學(xué)生去做,較傳統(tǒng)的以教師為中心的教學(xué)模式來說,任務(wù)型教學(xué)法不僅沒有減輕老師的任務(wù),反而有可能是任務(wù)的加大。老師不再是照本宣科,而是一種開放式探討式的課程,這對老師的授課能力提出了更高的要求,在面對非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生這一新的授課對象時,教師要有充分的準(zhǔn)備。
按照任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的要求,英美文學(xué)課程應(yīng)當(dāng)采用主題式教學(xué)模式。主題式教學(xué)模式以現(xiàn)代語言教學(xué)理論及建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論為基礎(chǔ),以反映社會生活各方面內(nèi)容的主題為學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容,以主題到話題再到細節(jié)為主要教學(xué)步驟,逐步學(xué)習(xí)并建立較完整的反映主觀與客觀世界及社會交際需求的知識系統(tǒng)[9]48。建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論認(rèn)為知識不是經(jīng)由老師傳授而得到的,而是學(xué)習(xí)者在一定的情境即社會文化背景下,借助學(xué)習(xí)和他人的幫助,利用必要的學(xué)習(xí)資料,通過意義建構(gòu)的方式而獲得的。學(xué)習(xí)的目的就是自主建構(gòu)認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu),學(xué)習(xí)者對事物的性質(zhì)、規(guī)律以及事物之間的關(guān)系達到深刻的認(rèn)識,知識不是雜亂無章地存儲在大腦中而是圍繞某一主題相互聯(lián)系起來并形成的一定知識單元。[9]建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論下的任務(wù)型教學(xué)就是要將任務(wù)以主題的形式呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生在老師的引導(dǎo)下自己去學(xué)習(xí)。
在課堂講授過程中,教師應(yīng)先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生談?wù)勛约簩ο嚓P(guān)主題的感想和經(jīng)歷,進而引導(dǎo)學(xué)生去把握作品中的主題,體會作品是如何呈現(xiàn)這一主題的。通過分組的方式讓學(xué)生之間互相交流閱讀心得、比較彼此的`認(rèn)識,在過程中相互學(xué)習(xí),而不是尋求一個終極而正確的解讀答案。這種教學(xué)模式不是以老師為中心,而是以學(xué)生為中心,不是以背景知識為引入,而是鼓勵學(xué)生去發(fā)現(xiàn)主動發(fā)現(xiàn),不是先去閱讀作品,而是通過主題的發(fā)現(xiàn)開拓閱讀的需求和興趣,讓學(xué)生從自身實際出發(fā),主動地去尋找作品信息和自己需要的知識,而不是被動地去等待教師的傳授。
在具體的任務(wù)設(shè)計上,作為前任務(wù),教師可以事先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對即將學(xué)習(xí)的作品的主題進行了解,可以搜集一些主題相近的中文作品進行閱讀,這樣在閱讀英文作品時有一比和參照,從而產(chǎn)生深刻的理解和共鳴。這個階段教師可以布置一些類型簡單的任務(wù),比如說,列舉型和整理型任務(wù)!叭蝿(wù)環(huán)”階段教師可以讓學(xué)生在課堂上發(fā)表自己的觀點和意見,任務(wù)難度可以適當(dāng)提升,比如比較型任務(wù)和解決問題的任務(wù)!昂笕蝿(wù)”階段,教師可以采用分享個人經(jīng)歷型和創(chuàng)新型任務(wù),可以鼓勵學(xué)生寫出一些意境豐富的短詩、小作品、寫讀書筆記,讀后感,并給他們創(chuàng)造在課堂上當(dāng)眾朗誦的機會,還可以鼓勵學(xué)生通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)檢索對于作品的評論,在此基礎(chǔ)上寫出自己的補充性評論,總之,教師要通過“任務(wù)”加強“輸入”,也要通過“任務(wù)”給學(xué)生的“輸出”創(chuàng)造條件,在這個過程中,充分幫助學(xué)生發(fā)揮學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性和自主性,同時充分發(fā)揮自己的指導(dǎo)作用。
。ㄋ模┤蝿(wù)型教學(xué)法在英美文學(xué)課程評價體系中的落實。
按照任務(wù)型教學(xué)的要求設(shè)置科學(xué)的評價體系。評價體系與教學(xué)模式是一一對應(yīng)的,單一的評價體系必然導(dǎo)致單一的教學(xué)模式,而多元的評價體系必然帶來多元的教學(xué)模式。與任務(wù)型教學(xué)相對應(yīng)的比較科學(xué)的評價形式是形成性評價。形成性評價是對學(xué)習(xí)者的動態(tài)的、綜合的、過程式的評價,重視評價本身會帶來的教育功能和發(fā)展功能,在西方發(fā)達國家早已成為評價學(xué)習(xí)者學(xué)習(xí)情況的主要方式。目前我國也已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到原有教育評價方式的單一性和片面性,正在提倡形成性評價。英美文學(xué)課程旨在提高學(xué)生的人文素質(zhì)和對于語言的感悟能力,而不是考察學(xué)生的識記能力,也沒有一個量的指標(biāo),因此,原有的單一的終結(jié)性評價模式并不適合這一課程,反而會對該課程的開展起到消極作用,扼殺學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。所以應(yīng)該重視形成性評價在該課程評價體系中的積極作用。
具體運用中采用師生共評、學(xué)生間互評的多元評價模式,將評價延伸到包括課堂外活動的學(xué)習(xí)者的整個學(xué)習(xí)過程。任務(wù)型的英美文學(xué)課堂中需要學(xué)生積極的參與和表現(xiàn),而教師因為要充分發(fā)揮引導(dǎo)和組織的作用所以很難顧及到所有學(xué)生的表現(xiàn),這種情況下學(xué)生的自評和互評是一個很好的選擇。教師還可以組織學(xué)生進行小組討論,對小組的整體表現(xiàn)做出評價,小組內(nèi)部成員的表現(xiàn)則可以交由學(xué)生自己評價。這種方式將任務(wù)落實到了每一個學(xué)生,兼顧了整體和個體的表現(xiàn),而且有利于學(xué)生之間相互督促,從而有效提高學(xué)習(xí)的積極性和興趣。對于課外學(xué)習(xí)的評價,學(xué)生日常對文學(xué)作品閱讀的讀后感也可以采用學(xué)生間互評合的方式,這既增加了評價的客觀性,又有利于促進學(xué)生之間的互相學(xué)習(xí)和帶動。另外情況允許還可以組織一些相關(guān)的學(xué)生團體活動,比如說莎士比亞戲劇團、詩歌朗誦協(xié)會等,通過學(xué)生參與這些社團的積極性和獲得的獎項對學(xué)生做出綜合性的評價。
三、結(jié)束語。
在高校開設(shè)針對非英語專業(yè)的英美文學(xué)課程不僅有助于提高廣大非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生對英語的感悟和運用能力,而且有助于提高他們的跨文化交際能力、文學(xué)鑒賞能力等綜合語言能力。該課程的成功開設(shè)有賴于傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)方法的改進與完善。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法是一種先進的教學(xué)方法,其在英美文學(xué)課程中的落實可以從三方面展開,即教材的選定和完善,教師教學(xué)意識、方法和策略的改進以及與之相適應(yīng)的科學(xué)的評價體系的建立。實踐證明,任務(wù)型教學(xué)法是非常有效的語言教學(xué)策略,將它充分拓展從而運用到英美文學(xué)課程教學(xué)中去,必定會對當(dāng)前的大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革和大學(xué)生的語言及文化素質(zhì)的提高起到積極的促進作用。
英語美文非英語專業(yè)8
Your Sense of Taste
Taste is one of our five senses. The others are hearing, sight, touch, and smell. You hear with your ears, you see with your eyes, and you taste things with your tongue.
On your tongue, you have groups of tiny taste buds. Taste buds send information about food to your brain. You have a lot of taste buds, maybe even 10 000! People don't have the same number of them. Women often have more taste buds than men.
Because of your taste buds, foods like ice cream and bananas taste sweet. French fries, cheese, and ocean water taste salty. Lemons have a sour taste, and coffee is bitter. We all know about these four main tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter.
Why does a sense of taste matter? For one thing, it helps people decide on safe things to eat. And of course, thanks to your sense of taste, you can enjoy all your favourite foods.
英語美文非英語專業(yè)9
Folklore -- Stories of Cultures
Folklore is the study of culture and history that is passed on through oral literature. The word "oral" means relating to the mouth, especially the spoken word. Oral literature includes stories, poems, and songs that are passed on by word of mouth. They are passed between family members and residents of villages, and from one generation to the next. Before written language and books, and long before computers, people passed information orally -- by telling stories and singing songs. In some parts of the world, the oral tradition is still the primary way of communication.
There are many different purposes of these songs and stories. Some stories and songs taught religious beliefs; others celebrated romance and the triumph of good over evil. Still others gave important moral lessons, especially to children. Many of these stories contained supernatural elements like fairies, witches and magic spells.
英語美文非英語專業(yè)10
Be Happy!
“The days that make us happy make us wise.”----John Masefield
When I first read this line by England’s Poet Laureate, it startled me. What did Masefield mean? Without thinking about it much, I had always assumed that the opposite was true. But his sober assurance was arresting. I could not forget it.
Finally, I seemed to grasp his meaning and realized that here was a profound observation. The wisdom that makes happiness possible lies in clear perception, not fogged by anxiety nor dimmed by despair and boredom, and without the blind spots caused by fear.
Active happiness---not mere satisfaction or contentment ---often comes suddenly, like an April shower or the unfolding of a bud. Then you discover what kind of wisdom has accompanied it. The grass is greener; bird songs are sweeter; the shortcomings of your friends are more understandable and more forgivable. Happiness is like a pair of eyeglasses correcting your spiritual vision.
Nor are the insights of happiness limited to what is near around you. Unhappy, with your thoughts turned in upon your emotional woes, your vision is cut short as though by a wall.
英語美文非英語專業(yè)11
Slow Food
Italians know and love good food. It's at the heart of their culture. They don't like to rush through their meals, either.
In 1986, something happened in Italy. A McDonald's opened in Rome. Many Italians were surprised and angry. They thought, "This is an attack on Italian culture!" one man, Carl Petrini, decided to fight back. "Fast food is the enemy," he said. He started a group called Slow Food. Today about 80 000 people from over 100 countries belong to the group. It began as a humorous but determined attempt to preserve Italian foods and support small restaurants from the pressures of international fast food companies. It has grown into an international movement to preserve local foods and culinary traditions and to conserve agricultural biodiversity.
Fast food is reaching more and more parts of the world. But Slow Food is getting its message to more and more people, too.
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