英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法關(guān)于現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式的講義
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法關(guān)于現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式的講義
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語(yǔ)中，表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前完成。
【例如】
Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game.Notshavingsmade adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.
獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式。
【例如】
His parentsshavingsdied, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.
The guestsshavingsleft, they resumed their discussion.
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義:不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
1)某些表示狀態(tài)或者特征的及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。這類動(dòng)詞常見的有：beg，equal，fail，hold，possess，fit，become，contain，cost，fit，have，lack，resemble,(相似)，suit等。
【例如】
This new English-Chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.
2)某些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：cook, read, shut, smell, taste, wash, write, prove.
【例如】
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. The theory proved right after a series of experiments.
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義:特殊的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的`被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過去分詞。
【例如】
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. This instrument must be handled with great care. In this sense, bad things can be turnedsintosgood things.
2)有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ)。
【例如】
The delegation was given a warm send-off at the airport. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparation.
3)當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，原句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。能用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：declare, call, consider, elect, appoint, nominate, find, leave, like, make, prefer, think, want等。
【例如】
She was nominated a member of the council. Professor Smith was appointed the head of the Philosophy Department.
4)在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to.
【例如】
A stranger was seen to walksintosthe building. She was made to clean the floor.
5)某些感官動(dòng)詞加形容詞可以表示被動(dòng)意義。
【例如】
The dish tastes delicious.The apple smells sweet.
6) It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句，或主語(yǔ)＋be＋過去分詞＋to do sth.
【例如】
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam. It was reported that 60% students in the university had passed CET-6.60% students in the university were reported to have passed CET-6.
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be＋過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。以give為例，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式為：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are＋given
【例句】
The first section of New College English is designed for speaking practice and is based on pictures and topics.
一般過去時(shí)：was/were＋given
【例句】
These computers were made in our own country.
一般將來時(shí)：will/shall be＋given
【例句】
Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?
Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ____to the nation. (CET-4 1996, 6)
A) has left B) is to leave
C) leaves D) is to be left
本句意思為：78歲的Denis先生聲明他將把他的大多數(shù)收藏品留給國(guó)家。所以leave應(yīng)用一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式。一般將來時(shí)可以用來be to do sth表達(dá)，因此答案為D.
過去將來時(shí)：would be＋given
【例句】
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are being＋given
【例句】
The machine is being repaired in the workshop. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are ____and perfected now. ( CET-4 1996,1)
A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed
本句測(cè)試點(diǎn)是動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。develop和perfect是兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，perfect用的是被動(dòng)形式，develop也應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)形式，而且句子的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為now，故develop應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，答案為C。
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were being＋given
【例句】
The feast was being prepared when the birds arrived in the sky
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：has/have been＋given
【例句】
Swift progress has also been made in culture and education.
過去完成時(shí)：had been＋given
【例句】
The huge bridge had been damaged before the World WarⅡ.
將來完成時(shí)：will/shall have been＋given
【例句】
The book will have been published by the end of next month.
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的各種形式也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，一般常用的是一般體和完成體的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如下表：
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式
一般
不定式
to be done
動(dòng)名詞
being done
現(xiàn)在分詞
being done
完成
不定式
to have been done
動(dòng)名詞
having been done
現(xiàn)在分詞
having been done
例如:
It is a great honor for him to have been elected a model worker. (不定式完成體的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))This new teaching method has the advantage ofshavingsbeen tried a number of times by experienced teachers. (動(dòng)名詞完成體的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義:短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞＋介詞”，“動(dòng)詞＋副詞”等，也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。
【例如】
The meeting is to be put off till Friday. Women were looked down upon in the past in China. The out of date teaching method must be done away with. Don't worry, everything will be attended to in good time. The poor child was laughed at by his classmates because he failed his exams. The children are taken good care of by the teacher.
這類可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的“動(dòng)詞＋介詞/副詞”詞組還有：depend on, make use of, bring about, put forward, send for, talk about, bring up, put on, think over, call off等。
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