小組活動(dòng)在英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中的作用及實(shí)施方式
摘要：
自1993年使用九年制義務(wù)教育初中英語(yǔ)教材以來，廣大教師已經(jīng)逐漸地熟悉了新的課堂教學(xué)步驟"五步教學(xué)法"。五步教學(xué)法在對(duì)教材的處理上，練習(xí)占有較大的比重，而且富有變化，使課堂容量加大，節(jié)奏加快，時(shí)間緊湊，氣氛活躍，可收到事半功倍之效，因此深受廣大教師的青睞。我們也不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，在練習(xí)方面，幾乎每節(jié)課都會(huì)有同桌兩人一組的"對(duì)練"（Pair work ）和前后三、四人一組的"組練"（Groupwork）等小組活動(dòng)方式，這成了課堂上不可缺少的練習(xí)方式。那么，這些小組活動(dòng)在英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中究竟起到哪些作用？教師在課堂上如何穿插、實(shí)施和控制小組活動(dòng)呢？本文想通過對(duì)這些問題的討論來探索提高英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)質(zhì)量的途徑。
一、小組活動(dòng)的實(shí)施方式
小組活動(dòng)為課堂教學(xué)提供了簡(jiǎn)便、有效的操練方式，這些活動(dòng)主要可以穿插在以下幾種教學(xué)步驟之中進(jìn)行。
1.在"呈現(xiàn)（Presentation）"環(huán)節(jié)后
在"呈現(xiàn)"新的語(yǔ)言項(xiàng)目后，就轉(zhuǎn)入操練（Drill）這一環(huán)節(jié)，目的是幫助學(xué)生熟悉新的語(yǔ)言項(xiàng)目的書面和口頭形式。此時(shí)的操練難度一般不大，以教師控制式的機(jī)械性練習(xí)為主。教師可以出示一些圖片、幻燈、實(shí)物、提示詞等"指揮"學(xué)生進(jìn)行練習(xí)，這時(shí)最好穿插Pairwork（內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單的話不必讓學(xué)生先準(zhǔn)備，反之，事先作些準(zhǔn)備），直接以快頻率的方式讓學(xué)生一對(duì)一對(duì)地（pair by pair）、一問一答地進(jìn)行下去。學(xué)生可以通過視覺、聽覺、口頭表達(dá)，很快地掌握新的語(yǔ)言項(xiàng)目。這樣做的特點(diǎn)是節(jié)奏快、密度大、頻率高，使學(xué)生在緊張熱烈的氣氛中興趣濃厚，人人參與，差生也跟得上。
2.在"練習(xí)（Practice）"階段
"練習(xí)"階段的目的是幫助學(xué)生加深對(duì)新的語(yǔ)言項(xiàng)目的.理解，鞏固新的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，為在實(shí)際中進(jìn)一步自如地運(yùn)用作好準(zhǔn)備。練習(xí)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該具備一定的難度，學(xué)生在問答時(shí)有較寬的選擇余地。這時(shí)適宜穿插"對(duì)練"或"組練"方式，用幾分鐘時(shí)間讓學(xué)生看圖、看物問答，模仿對(duì)話，表演課文對(duì)話等等。教師要巡視監(jiān)聽，對(duì)有困難的"對(duì)"或"組"進(jìn)行一些必要的指導(dǎo)，充當(dāng)"助手（helper）"或"引導(dǎo)者（guide）"的作用。練習(xí)結(jié)束后一定要抽查幾對(duì)或組當(dāng)堂表演，以了解練習(xí)情況，并對(duì)表演出色的組進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)谋頁(yè)P(yáng)，以鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生的積極性。這個(gè)階段的特點(diǎn)是節(jié)奏放慢，頻率放低，但密度大，氣氛活躍，學(xué)生參與意識(shí)強(qiáng)，有利于調(diào)動(dòng)每一個(gè)學(xué)生的積極性。
3.在"鞏固（Consolidation）"階段
這個(gè)階段的目的是使學(xué)生在多種模擬日常生活的背景中，運(yùn)用所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言解決實(shí)際問題來體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言的各種功能。學(xué)生可以根據(jù)自己的意愿來作答，答案是多種多樣的，不可預(yù)料的，學(xué)生的自由度較大，有充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造的機(jī)會(huì)和余地。這時(shí)候最好以"組練"方式，如進(jìn)行角色扮演（一般用學(xué)生真實(shí)姓名為好）、會(huì)談、討論解難、模擬采訪、擴(kuò)展對(duì)話、補(bǔ)充想象性結(jié)尾等等。教師要提醒學(xué)生結(jié)合課文中的語(yǔ)言形式來表達(dá)，注意人物的身份和具體的場(chǎng)合。教師往往扮演裁判（judge）、評(píng)委（commentator）的身份。這時(shí)的特點(diǎn)也是密度大、氣氛熱烈活躍，學(xué)生們有充分發(fā)揮、表現(xiàn)自己的機(jī)會(huì)。隨著課堂語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐量的增加，學(xué)生獲得了充分的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐的機(jī)會(huì)，為獲得"為交際運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力"打下了扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
小組活動(dòng)通常穿插在以上三種教學(xué)步驟中，然而，教無定法，這并不是一成不變的。
二、小組活動(dòng)在教學(xué)中的作用
對(duì)絕大多數(shù)中國(guó)學(xué)生來說，課堂環(huán)境幾乎是外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的唯一場(chǎng)所。教師如何在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)有效地利用積極因素，避免或消除消極因素，采用更適合于學(xué)習(xí)者語(yǔ)言發(fā)展的課堂教學(xué)方法，是外語(yǔ)教學(xué)是否成功的關(guān)鍵之一。小組活動(dòng)在英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中始終起著積極作用。
1.小組活動(dòng)在課堂上起到操練語(yǔ)言、有目的地實(shí)踐語(yǔ)言項(xiàng)目的作用，從而達(dá)到當(dāng)堂鞏固的效果。
新大綱中提出在教師對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練的過程中要使學(xué)生的"言語(yǔ)技能發(fā)展成運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行交際的能力"。學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)言形式和語(yǔ)言意義的掌握是否充分，是其能否運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)特定功能的必要條件。通過教師設(shè)置的與課文和學(xué)生實(shí)際相關(guān)的交際情景，學(xué)生能通過小組活動(dòng)進(jìn)行大量的操練，加深對(duì)語(yǔ)言形式和意義的理解，從而使"言語(yǔ)技能"到"運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行交際"的發(fā)展成為自然和可能。
2.小組活動(dòng)提供了大量的向其他同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。
教師應(yīng)當(dāng)使學(xué)生明白，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，不僅可以從教師那里學(xué)，還可以從其他同學(xué)那里學(xué)。Johnson和Paulston在談到leamer roles（學(xué)習(xí)者的角色）時(shí)說到："The leamer is a member of a group and he leams by interacting with others; The leamer is a tutor of other leamers; The leaner leams from the teacher,f rom other students and from other teach-ing sources…"學(xué)生們明白了學(xué)習(xí)是互相的、平等的，就可以克服不愿與比自己水平差的同學(xué)操練的心理，從而充分調(diào)動(dòng)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主動(dòng)性和積極性。
3.小組活動(dòng)增加了課堂的密度和廣度。
英語(yǔ)課是語(yǔ)言課，是訓(xùn)練課。許多知識(shí)的掌握和能力的培養(yǎng)不是靠教師"教"出來的，而是靠學(xué)生"練"出來的。小組活動(dòng)加快了教學(xué)的節(jié)奏，加強(qiáng)了訓(xùn)練密度和廣度。在課堂上教師可以用快速反應(yīng)的方式通過 “pa ir by pair" 的形式，有節(jié)奏地讓學(xué)生練。這樣無論學(xué)生成績(jī)好、差，人人都能參與。學(xué)生在活動(dòng)時(shí)都被一種積極的情感所支配，將大大激發(fā)參與課堂教學(xué)的熱情，調(diào)動(dòng)積極性。以教師為中心的課堂教學(xué)模式將轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐詫W(xué)生為中心，學(xué)生成為教學(xué)的主體，他們?cè)谝粋�(gè)近似自然的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行交際，以達(dá)到語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的目的。小組活動(dòng)活躍了課堂氣氛，是初中學(xué)生所喜愛的教學(xué)活動(dòng)方式之一。本人曾以問卷形式進(jìn)行過"對(duì)初中生所喜歡的英語(yǔ)課堂活動(dòng)的調(diào)查"，課堂小組活動(dòng)方式是學(xué)生最喜歡的課堂活動(dòng)方式之一。初中生具有愛說、好動(dòng)、愛模仿、愛表演、羞怯感少等特點(diǎn)。在小組活動(dòng)中，把教師的教學(xué)要求轉(zhuǎn)化為學(xué)生自己的愿望，給學(xué)生提供學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)、理解語(yǔ)言功能的外部條件和參加語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐的機(jī)會(huì)，課堂上氣氛十分活躍。學(xué)生們想在課堂上有好的表現(xiàn)，他們?cè)谡n前、課后就有興致去積極準(zhǔn)備，互相對(duì)話，大大激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣。
教師在課堂教學(xué)中，通過靈活多變的教學(xué)形式對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)、課堂學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境和語(yǔ)言的輸入產(chǎn)生積極的影響，使課堂教學(xué)擺脫應(yīng)試教育的枷鎖。課堂小組活動(dòng)在課堂上營(yíng)造輕松愉快、活潑的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍，不失為一種較好的、簡(jiǎn)便易行的教學(xué)形式。課堂小組活動(dòng)組織得好與壞，在某種程度上決定著一堂英語(yǔ)課的成敗，它來自于師生的共同創(chuàng)造，它在課堂上的作用是不容忽視的。
[原創(chuàng)]A thank-you letter
Hi, Valerie,
How are you? have you got the approval for your new EP(Employment Pass).
If yes, congratulations!
I wanted to email to GP first, but temporally can't
find his address. It doesn't mean I don't want to write
to you, just feel like GP is more closer to me that
time.
GP told me that because of me you don't want to
talk to Kent either. I was very appreciateful, cause
I took this as my true friend's action! However, Rex
didn't do as you did at all!
I didn't talk to you much when we were in the same
company, though you just sat behind me. Last time I
thought even talk too much with another girl is
considered a great offence to my "wife". I was stuck
too deep to stay awake of this mass. Thank you and GP
so much for having given me great support when I
needed it badly.
I miss GP and you, really. Just hope one day we can
meet together and drink together. I am sure I won't
have a boss like GP again, not to mention a colleague
like you and Vincent. You guys left me the sweetest
memories in Singapore. How am I going to thank
you?
Please tell GP that I have mailed to you and let me know
his address as well. I want to email to him too. I'm
now at home being taken well care of by my parents.
They are about to buy me a car so that I can travel to
some other provinces in China. Ok, my daddy is back,
got to take lunch with him. See you.
All the bests to you and GP
Danny
[原創(chuàng)]About the F word
When I first started to learn English in middle school, I didn't know there is F word in vocabulary. Until many years later, browsing through a book about American Slang in the college library, I spotted the F word in an expression about cursing. I looked it up in my dictionary, but found nothing. Back then, we didn’t have computers or Internet, which gives you access to any sort of information in the blink of an eye, nor did we have DVD or VCD. The only chance we could watch American movie was that during some weekday evening the American teachers played some movies brought from US on a VCR. The TV in our classroom was very small, and the sound was poor. And the room was always packed and had an awful smell of body odor, stale air, and lots of noises.
Honestly, I could understand disturbingly little of the movie, which had no subtitle and couldn’t be played back. All we studied was some stupid textbooks titled advanced English with passages written probably decades or even centuries ago by some famous writers or philosophers whatsoever.
Many years passed, we have more options of English learning, and my knowledge increases. I found that the f word is so widely used in English that no one could say his or her English is really good without solid knowledge of it.
To many beginners, teachers told them that the f word is a bad and crude word they should never learn or use. But I think this is terribly wrong. The f word, though often used as a verbal insult to other people as in “f you”, it is also frequently used to indicate anger, resentment, affection, or even care. Some good examples could be easily caught in the many popular American movies. “Where the f are you talking about?” “Where the f have you been” The speaker may be simply emphasizing an emotion of surprise, shock, or concern. The most interesting word incorporating the f word is “abso-f ing-lutely” in one episode of the TV show “Sex and the City”. If we don’t know how to use the f word, it is really hard to express a degree of certainty higher than the word “absolute”.
My point is that as language learners we should always keep in mind that sometimes what you see is not what you get. To learn a language better, it requires us so much more than hard work and practice. We need to expose ourselves to a more authentic language environment even it is very difficult for people like us living and working in China. The earlier we expose ourselves to cross-cultural problems, the more obstacles we come across in learning English, the deeper we would understand the language. So challenge yourself and you would become tougher and smarter.
為了更好理解這篇文章，請(qǐng)觀看以下電影：http://www.ebaumsworld.com/fwordflash.html
[原創(chuàng)]BEC高級(jí)--讓我難忘的考試
又一年的BEC考試又要開始了.很多人急著復(fù)習(xí)備考了.平心而論,她在對(duì)測(cè)試非英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的考生運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)作為工具進(jìn)行商務(wù)活動(dòng)能力的方面還是比較有說服力和權(quán)威性的,所以對(duì)于將來有志進(jìn)入(或已經(jīng)進(jìn)入)外企進(jìn)行國(guó)際貿(mào)易的人員來說,這項(xiàng)考試還是值得一試的.特別是BEC HIGHER, 她對(duì)英語(yǔ)綜合能力的評(píng)估力度相對(duì)更大一些.
由于BEC考試有她特有的特點(diǎn),報(bào)考她的人也越來越多.但是也正是由于她將英語(yǔ)和商務(wù)結(jié)合到一起,致使考試難度加大.無論是對(duì)于沒有經(jīng)過英語(yǔ)專業(yè)訓(xùn)練的非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)考生,還是對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)但沒有商務(wù)知識(shí)的考生來說都是比較困難的.尤其如果是沒有正式進(jìn)入工作崗位,只是在校學(xué)生,他們對(duì)BEC高級(jí)商務(wù)實(shí)務(wù)不是很了解,在解決具體考試內(nèi)容的時(shí)候,就會(huì)有一定難度.
[原創(chuàng)]Government Officers
I had no idea what the government officers were like before I joined my bureau. I, however, had no positive impressions on them, because of some officers I approached when I was a salesman.
Of course, I usually contacted those who were in charge of purchasing. Those officers were/maybe still are proud, demanding and powerful. Some of them hinted me for returns and some just asked directly. I invited them for dinner sometimes, and they ordered the most expensive dishes. Some even asked for more services after dinner. Not until all the so-called services were done, did they want to release some useful information to us or sign the purchasing orders. That’s why I used to look down upon them. They were nothing but a big pile of shit to me.
And now I’m working as a government officer too, not only because I am tired of being a salesman, but I want a stable and reliable job. I don’t think this position will be my final career destination, though! It’s been three months since I joined in the bureau. I’m impressed by the government officers in my bureau, because they are far away from what I thought before. Some of them are really good and responsible people!
Our bureau is a bit different from the others, because we are in charge of all the trades and investments in the city. Local companies have to apply for invitation letters if they want their foreign customers, colleagues, friends, relatives or whoever to come to Shenyang to live or work. And we’re in charge of all the foreign companies in the city. Though we have great power in hand, we use it to get more legal foreign investments and for anything which could be helpful for employment opportunities.
Some small problems still occurred to me after I became a member of the officers. I had no such experience on dealing with them before. For example: A section director asked me to translate a long essay for him. I said yes, but my boss was not happy because he said the director had no right to ask his man to do anything without his permission. I understood, cause he is my boss. I shall not take orders from other people, though their ranks are much higher than mine! So my boss asked me to leave his translation alone and let him to explain to the director. In fact, he forgot to do it, and I was there waiting for the consequence. It came to me pretty soon. The director told the president of my bureau that my English was poor. And don’t forget I just impressed the boss in a negative way. I smiled when I heard this, bitterly. “So what?” I asked myself. It’s no big deal. Danny’s English level has been proved by many foreigners, not only from English-speaking countries. I have, at least, great confidence on my English skills.
This incident made me more mature. Working for the Chinese government is not easy. As long as you’re sophisticated enough, you will definitely stand a batter chance to be promoted. You have to be bad, mean and whatever suitable for the job. I’m outta here, sooner or later. Like my brother told me before: if you work for the government, you’re gonna die soon.
Now I understand what he meant. Oops, being a government officer is not easy; being a good and innocent one is nearly impossible. So are you ready to be a government officer?
[原創(chuàng)]how to "use" english!!!
some people just dont know why after 10 years of learning they
still cant speak like a 10 year old native speaker. the only
reason or difference is that while you are "learning" english,
a native kid is "using" english.
a book just wont get you anywhere, but without a good book,
you cant go far either. so here is my idea, use the language
first, read when there is something you dont understand, but
before you go through this reading process, do ask a native
for help first.
i spent 3 years on this and it definitely worked. i hope
newbies could do like i did, but one thing for sure, you will
never be as good at this as you wanna be, and this feeling will
either get you motivated or bored, if you can manage well, you
will see the big picture.
here is a website where you can meet a lot of native people,
www.facethejury.com , there is a forum which can be accessed
for free if you register, you can chat with native people on
that forum in real time, its much better than having a teacher
right? well, at least i think so.
you know, i avoid the chance to talk with non native speakers,
because i might learn from them, and they might become some
kind of habbit to me, which tells you not to use english with
your own kind, cause if you do it will not do you any good.
mistakes can happen, but make sure they dont come out all the
time, cause if they do your brain will register them and it
will be hard for you to correct later on.
dont you ever think going abroad to learn english is much better
than doing it in your own country and dont forget who you are, because if you forget who you really are, no one else would
remember that for you, and if you think going abroad can learn
the real thing, to some point you are right, but for most of
you, its a big mistake, who told you native speakers can accept
you as their friend when you still need to learn english? if
you cant talk fluently with them they will get bored.
dont argue, if a native spearker says "hey whats up", you just
need to accept the fact that they dont use "hello how are you",
just register that piece in your mind and use it the next time
you see someone you know, "habbitize" yourself. "ima tell you
like dis," grammar rules dont work very well in real conversations
if you see what i mean.
"is" and "are", you dont know how to use them? maybe a native
speaker doesnt know that either but they do know how to use
them in a "right" kind of way. "who you think you is?" does
this one sound right to you? cause it does sound right for a
native. whatever a native says, its right, if you follow,
you will become more like them.
alright, im sick of this long ass sh*t, enough for you to
get my point...(or maybe i need to write more?)
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