英語定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)
在日常生活或是工作學(xué)習(xí)中,大家都聽說過或者使用過一些比較經(jīng)典的句子吧,句子由詞或詞組部分和語調(diào)所表示的語氣部分組成。那什么樣的句子才算得上是經(jīng)典呢?下面是小編整理的英語定語從句結(jié)構(gòu),歡迎閱讀,希望大家能夠喜歡。
英語定語從句結(jié)構(gòu) 1
定義:在復(fù)合句中作定語,修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句.
結(jié)構(gòu):先行詞+關(guān)系詞(分為關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞)+從句.
先行詞:被定語從句修飾的詞通常位于定從前.
關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞:位于先行詞和定從之間,它既起了連接作用,又充當(dāng)從句的一個(gè)成分.
定語從句知識(shí)大講解
一. 定語從句的概念
定語從句:指在在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句。
被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
二.引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which,
who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when,
why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語從句的重要成分。
三. 定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去。非限制性定語從句與主句之間有逗號分開,起補(bǔ)充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四. 關(guān)系代詞的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。作主語時(shí)不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主語、賓語或表語。作主語不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
3.who, whom用于指人,who
用作主語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時(shí)可用who代替whom。who和whom作賓語時(shí)也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國人。(作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語)
注意:
(1)當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who,whom,that,
which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.
這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English
novel.請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。
(2)含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。
(3)that 作介詞的賓語時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.
她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。
(4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:
a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一個(gè)通過考試的人。
b. 被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, theone等不定代詞指物時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
c. 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.
這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
d. 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in theroom.
我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰?
f. 主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which,例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
(5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:
a. 先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?
b. 關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.
這是他居住的房間。
c. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,先行詞指事物時(shí),用which, 而不用that,例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。
五. 關(guān)系副詞的用法
1. when指時(shí)間,其先行詞表示時(shí)間,when在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.
這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。
2. where指地點(diǎn),其先行詞表示地點(diǎn),where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。例如:
This is place where he works.
這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。
3. why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,why在定語從句中做原因狀語。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。
英語定語從句結(jié)構(gòu) 2
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有:that(指人或物),which(指物),who (指人)。指人時(shí)可用that或who;指物時(shí)可用that或which;但有時(shí)只能用that,不能用which。
英語that定語從句常見的情況有下列五種:
1)當(dāng)先行詞是:all , any , anything , everything , nothing或被它們修飾時(shí)。例如:
Is thereanythingthat I can do for you?
有什么可以為你做的嗎?
Allthat can be done must be done.
凡是能做的都必須做。
2)當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。例如:
That is one ofthe most interestingbooks that are sold in the bookshop.
那是這家書店出售的最有趣的書之一。
The firstthing that we should do is to get some food.
我們該做的第一件事是弄點(diǎn)吃的。
3)當(dāng)先行詞有:the only , the very , the same , the last等修飾時(shí)。例如:
My necklace is notthe onlything that's missing.
我的項(xiàng)鏈不僅是丟掉的東西。
4)當(dāng)主句以who或which開頭時(shí),定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞用that ,不用which或who。例如:
Who is the girlthat is wearing a red coat?
正穿一件紅色外套的女孩子是誰?
5)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),用that。例如:
The writer and his novelthat you have just talked about are really well known.
你剛才談起的那位作家以及他的小說確實(shí)很著名。
解剖:要搞清這個(gè)問題,我們首先要明白這樣一個(gè)規(guī)定:which用來指代具體的,特定的物,或者說明晰的物,而who用來指具體的人,特定的人,或者說明晰的人。那么上帝當(dāng)初把that創(chuàng)造出來,還有一個(gè)目的,就是要用它來指代非特定的,非具體的,非同一的,模糊的,泛指的人或物,或人和物的混合。還有一個(gè)問題是,上帝創(chuàng)造英語時(shí),同樣也要考慮到的。那就是,英語作為這個(gè)物質(zhì)世界的一個(gè)存在,如同人類這個(gè)物質(zhì)存在一樣,也要講究美,沒有理由的“重復(fù)”肯定不是美的(當(dāng)然也會(huì)講究簡潔等,所認(rèn)我們學(xué)英語一定要把“英語”當(dāng)作“人”一樣來對待,因?yàn)樵谏系垩壑校⒄Z與人同樣是他的子民。哈哈,題外話說得太多了,這個(gè)大問題留待以后再講)。
一、1---3種情況所表示人或物均不是特定的,即是泛指的,所以只能用that.
二、第4種情況,如果用who或which會(huì)導(dǎo)致從復(fù)。
三、第5種情況,先行詞里既有人又有物,如果用who,完成了指人,但是把物漏掉了,反之亦然,這顯然不行,所以那就只能用that了。
只能用that的幾種情況:
1. 當(dāng)先行詞為all, much, little, none及由any, every, some, no所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)。
如:We should do all that is useful to the people. 我們應(yīng)該做一切有益于人民的事情。
Please tell me anything that you know about the matter. 有關(guān)此事,凡是你所知道的請告訴我。
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等詞修飾時(shí)。
如:You can take any seat that is free. 任何空著的座位你都可以坐。
There is little work that is fit for you. 幾乎沒有適合你的工作。
3. 當(dāng)先行詞為序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。
如:When people talk about the cities of China, the first that comes to my mind is Beijing. 人們談?wù)撈鹬袊某鞘械臅r(shí)候,我首先 想到的是北京。
This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this term. 這是我們校本學(xué)期放映的第四部電影。
4. 當(dāng)先行詞為形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)。
如:The best that I could do was to apologize. 我唯一能做的就是賠禮道歉了。
This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read. 這是我讀過的一本最有趣的故事書。
5. 當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修飾時(shí)。
如: This is the very book that I'm looking for. 這正是我在找的書。
The only thing that we could do was to wait. 我們唯一能做的事就是等待。
注意:先行詞被the same修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞也可用as。
如:I need the same book that / as you have. 我需要有你一樣的書。
6. 當(dāng)先行詞既包含人又包含物時(shí)。
如: They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them. 他們正在談?wù)撍麄兏信d趣的女英雄及她們的事跡。
7. 當(dāng)先行詞是疑問代詞who,which,what或主句以這些詞開頭時(shí)。
如:Who that has ever worked together with him doesn't admire him? 曾經(jīng)和他一起工作過的誰不欽佩他?
Which is the star that is nearer to the earth? 哪個(gè)是離地球比較近的星星?
8. 當(dāng)先行詞為主句表語或關(guān)系代詞為從句表語時(shí)。
如:That's a good book that will help you a lot. 那是本對你很有幫助的書。
Our school is no longer the place that it used to be. 我們的學(xué),F(xiàn)在已不是過去的那個(gè)樣子了。
9. 先行詞為time時(shí),當(dāng)time表示次數(shù),引導(dǎo)詞用that, 可省略。 當(dāng)表示時(shí)間,可用that或when引導(dǎo),都可省略。
如:I do remember the first time(that) I had ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.我很清楚地記得當(dāng)我第一次聽到世界上最美的聲音的時(shí)候。
I did't remember the exact time (when/that) I arrived in Shanghai last month. 我不記得上個(gè)月到達(dá)上海的確切時(shí)間了。
英語定語從句結(jié)構(gòu) 3
一、什么是定語從句
閱讀下列句子,找出哪一句是定語從句
1. My doctor told me to live where the air is fresh .
2. Tom was sleeping when the door bell rang .
3. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school?
4. Can you tell me when the Flight 5571 will depart?
在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞,用來修飾主句中的某一個(gè)名詞或代詞或整個(gè)句子。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。因此,通常定語從句被視為一個(gè)句子與一個(gè)名詞的關(guān)系。在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。
例如:
He is the boy who often goes to school late.
注意
關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的三大作用:
1.連接作用———連接先行詞和定語從句。例如:
I gave her all the money that I had .我把我所有的錢都給了他。(that連接先行詞money和定語從句I had).
2.替代作用———在定語從句中替代從句所修飾的先行詞。例如:
The man who lives next door is a famous teacher.
2.成分作用———在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語或狀語。例如:
I like pictures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style.我喜歡傳統(tǒng)的`中國畫(which在定語從句中作主語)。
二、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法
閱讀下面的句子,根據(jù)從句的語法特點(diǎn)將其歸類,幷把句子序號表格填入空缺處。
1. She is the old woman that witnessed the accident this morning .
2. Mary is the girl who works in Japan .
3. Is this the key which you are looking for.?
4. October 1,1949 is the day when New China was founded.
5. The house which stands on the top of the hill was built last month .
6. The student whom the teachers are talking about has won the first prize in the English contest.
7. He lied to the police officer,which made things even worse.
8. This magazine belongs to the teacher who teaches us history.
9. Tom is reading in the room where the others are watching TV .
10. He failed in the exam,which surprised us all.
11. I don’t know the reason why she looks unhappy today.
12. I’ll never forget the day when I joined the League .
13. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane .
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法
定語從句類型特點(diǎn)句子序號由關(guān)系代詞which /that /who/whom引導(dǎo)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語。
關(guān)系代詞which指代前句所屬之事由關(guān)系副詞when /where/why引導(dǎo)定語從句中不缺主語或賓語;when /where /why充當(dāng)從句的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因狀語。
Where所指代的是一個(gè)抽象的地點(diǎn),例如某一種情況、某一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。
鞏固練習(xí)
完成句子
1. Alexander Bell was the man _______________________(發(fā)明電話的人)。
2. The present ____________________________________(她生日那天我送她的)is still unopened.
3. Carol said the work would be done by October.__________________________,(我對此十分懷疑)。
4. The film brought the hours to me __________________________________(當(dāng)時(shí)我得到很好的照顧)in the faraway village .
5. We are living in an age ______________________________(我們生活在一個(gè)很多事情需要用電腦來做的時(shí)代)。
單項(xiàng)選擇
1. Do you still remember the chicken farm _________________we visited three months ago .
A where B when C that D what
2. Women _______drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _______don’t.
A who / B / who C who who D / /
3. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_______,of course,made the others envy him .
A who B that C what D which
4. If a shop has chairs _______women can park their men,women will spend more time in shop .
A that B which C when D where
5 I work in a business _________almost everyone is waiting for a great chance .
A how B which C where D that
三、關(guān)系詞使用的注意事項(xiàng)
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞的選用比較復(fù)雜。除了牽涉到所指的先行詞是人還是物,所引導(dǎo)的定語從句是限制性的還是非限制性的,以及關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)什么句子成分外,還要根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法而定。
。ㄒ唬┲荒苁褂胻hat,who,whose的定語從句。
請閱讀以下句子,根據(jù)用法分類,將句子序號填入表格中適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢谩?/p>
1. This is the longest bridge that I have ever seen .
2. I happened to be the thousandth guest that visited the great hotel .
3. He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited .
4. Who is the man that came this morning .
5. Which is the bag that you lost .?
6. He is the very person that the police are looking for.
7. This is the only thing that I can remember .
8. Tell us everything that you know,please.
9. Is there anything that you don’t understand?
10. All that glitters is not gold .
11. Anyone who breaks the law shall be punished.
12. His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him.
13. Here is the boy who wants to see you .
14. Those who are against the plan put up your hands please.
15. Mary is the girl whose parents work in Japan .
16. Last week I bought a car,whose price is reasonable .
英語定語從句結(jié)構(gòu) 4
一、學(xué)習(xí)定語從句概述
“定語從句”,顧名思義,就是句子作定語。它是英語學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),也是各類英語考試,尤其是高考的必考項(xiàng)目。它是復(fù)合句中三大從句(名詞性從句、狀語從句和定語從句)之一,也是最難掌握的一種從句。定語從句的難點(diǎn)在于它的結(jié)構(gòu)特殊,即“先行詞+關(guān)系代詞(關(guān)系副詞)+從句”。許多學(xué)生分不清哪是先行詞,甚至忽略先行詞的概念,因而不能正確使用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞,更不清楚定語從句中的一些特殊情況。
因此,要想掌握定語從句,就必須弄懂定語從句的本質(zhì),掌握其要點(diǎn):
1. 什么叫先行詞?準(zhǔn)確判斷出定語從句所修飾的先行詞;
2. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有何區(qū)別,正確使用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞;
3. 介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前的情況;
4. 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的省略;
5. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別;
6. 定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型和同位語從句的區(qū)別。
二、原創(chuàng)定語從句學(xué)習(xí)口訣
目前,鑒于語法書和其他教輔對該問題講解得比較復(fù)雜,甚至有些混亂,讀者對于定語從句以及關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法,經(jīng);煜磺。結(jié)合自己多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),我特地編寫了《定語從句口訣》,并輔以【講解】!究谠E】除了讓學(xué)生背誦之外,更要弄懂每句口訣的含義。該口訣包含了定語從句的基本內(nèi)容。
《定語從句口訣》力爭做到:
內(nèi)容全面,歸納條例;思路清晰,例句恰當(dāng);押韻上口,適合背誦。
(口訣一)
定語從句真奇妙,
關(guān)系代(副)詞來引導(dǎo),
定語從句分兩種,
是否限定看逗號。
(口訣二)
which指物who指人,
地點(diǎn)where時(shí)間when,
that人或物均可,
why之前是reason。
(口訣三)
從句當(dāng)中作賓語,
whom可以代替who,
為了句子更簡練,
關(guān)系代詞可省去。
(口訣四)
關(guān)系若是表所屬,
whose用法不可無。
除此之外還有啥,
whom, which加of。
(口訣五)
關(guān)系代詞不一般,
介詞經(jīng)常用在前,
此時(shí)不用that, who,
which, whom才安全。
英語定語從句結(jié)構(gòu) 5
定語從句(AttributiveClauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
關(guān)系代詞有:who,whom,whose,that,which等。
關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why等。
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2)Whose
用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換),例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover
is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was bor
n. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
一、疑問句中考查定語從句
1. Is this the farm ________ you visited last week?
A. where B. the one C. on which D. /
【解析】答案是D。命題人經(jīng)常利用疑問句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)來干擾學(xué)生的正確選擇。遇到這類定語從句時(shí),最好的辦法是先把疑問句還原成陳述句,然后判斷誰是先行詞,再看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞,最后確定正確答案。
二、倒裝句中考查定語從句
2. We came to a place, ________ stood a big tower.
A. which B. that C. / D. where
【解析】正確答案是D。為了保持句子平衡,句子用了倒裝語序。倒裝的使用使定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)變得較為特殊,因此對于使用倒裝語序的定語從句,應(yīng)先把倒裝語序還原成正常語序,這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)就比較清晰了。
三、 拆分詞組和固定搭配
3. The second is connected with the use ________ the body makes of food.
A. of which B. where C. to do D. that
4. Why can’t you realize the part ________ they have played in our life?
A. which B. on which C. when D. where
【解析】正確答案分別是D和A。一些詞組和搭配被拆開后,句子的含義就變得難以理解。首先把拆開的詞組復(fù)原是理解此類定語從句的關(guān)鍵。上述句子中包含以下詞組:make use of, play a part (in)。
四、添加插入語或狀語
5. The scientist has made another discovery, _______ I believe is of great importance.
A. that B. / C. which D. why
【解析】應(yīng)選擇C。這類句子主要利用插入語或狀語的添加來增加試題的難度。常見的插入語有:I think (suppose, expect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做這類題目時(shí),最佳的辦法是先刪去插入語或狀語,這樣句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
五、插入非謂語動(dòng)詞
6. Is this the man ________ you want to have
________the radio for me?
A. who;repaired B. that;repaired C. whom;repairing D. that;repair
【解析】D項(xiàng)正確。非謂語動(dòng)詞是英語中難度較大的語法項(xiàng)目之一,因而在定語從句中加入非謂語動(dòng)詞就成了學(xué)生最易失分的題目。對付這類題目最有效的辦法就是將句子還原。如:我們可以把幾個(gè)句子中的定語從句進(jìn)行還原,還原后的句子應(yīng)是:You want to have the man repair the radio for me.
英語定語從句結(jié)構(gòu) 6
定語從句是由一些關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句組成,用來修飾名詞中心詞。
person has pieced together the worked of hundreds of researcher around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place.
皮而森 匯集了...生產(chǎn)出獨(dú)特的千年歷,這種千年歷(它)能夠...
定語的翻譯要特別注意位子上的變化,即:如果是單詞修飾名詞就放在中心詞的前面,這和漢語的詞序是一樣的;如果定語太長,定語就要放在中心詞的后面,這時(shí)就要注意斷句,重復(fù)先行詞,例如:
1.i have the same problem as you concerning the learning of english
在學(xué)英語的問題上,我和你有同樣的問題。
2.she has a perfect figure.
她身材不錯(cuò)。
3.this is indeed a most pressing problem.
這的確是一個(gè)非常棘手的問題。
4.the only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother.
別的知道這個(gè)秘密的人就是他的父母。
5.the effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities
有效的維持紀(jì)律通常是由一些學(xué)生來做的,而這些學(xué)生則負(fù)責(zé)給學(xué)校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)提建議。
6.the nomads who made these markings lived by hunting a d fishing during the last ice age which began about 35,00 b.c. and ended about 10,000 b.c.
作出這些刻記的游牧人,依靠狩獵和捕魚生活在冰河時(shí)代的晚期。這段時(shí)期大約始于公元前35,000年而結(jié)束于公元前10,000年。
7. for several hundred years, cases have been reported of children who have been reared in the wild by animals kept isolated from all social contact.
在過去的幾百年中,已經(jīng)有記載說,確實(shí)有被動(dòng)物養(yǎng)大的與世隔絕的狼孩的存在。
另外,翻譯成漢語時(shí)還要注意未省略關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的定語從句, 翻譯時(shí)所遵守的原則和上述的一樣:
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:
8.he is the very person (whom) i’m looking for.
他正是我要找的人。
9.this is the flexible policy that our government has pursued consistently.
這就是我們政府一直追求的靈活政策。
10.those whose families cannot afford board and expenses can be allowed to receive scholarship.
那些家里提供不起食宿的學(xué)生可以得到獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。
11.there are forms that occasionally occur which should not be taught to students.
有些形式是不能告訴給學(xué)生的。
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:
12.i took mr. john to the village, where i had spent my carefree childhood.
我把約翰先生帶到我度過無憂無慮童年的鄉(xiāng)村。
13.i still remember the time when we studied in the same university.
我還記得我們一起上大學(xué)的日子。
定語從句的翻譯可分為限制性和非限制性定語從句兩種,翻譯成漢語時(shí)不論是在語序方面還是重復(fù)先行詞方面都有一定的講究:
限制性定語從句的翻譯可分為以下幾方面:
1.前置:
這種定語從句一般比較短,翻譯起來比較方便,和漢語的詞序完全一樣,例如:
a.this is the finest weather that i have ever seen this month.
這是這個(gè)月我所看到的最好的天氣。
b.our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.
我們兩國是友誼長存的友好鄰邦。
c.teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests.
老師通常喜歡考試中成績好的學(xué)生。
d.他不是一個(gè)輕易服輸?shù)娜?/p>
he is not the one who will give up easily.
以上的這些例子告訴我們,如果定語很短的話,我們可以把他象漢語一樣放在中心詞的前面。但是,有的時(shí)候,如果定語太長,讀起來就不符和漢語的習(xí)慣,因此,往往要后置,重復(fù)先行詞,這就是下面要提到的定語從句的 “后置” 問題,例如:
2.后置:
a. misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only after their death.
吝嗇鬼經(jīng)常是看起來年很孤單、不為人所主意,可他們的財(cái)富只有等到他們死了以后才 暴露出來。
3.“綜合性”的翻譯法。
綜合性”的翻譯就是,翻譯時(shí)不需要關(guān)系詞,其中的關(guān)系完全靠上下文的意思來表現(xiàn)出來,例如:
a.this is the place where the accident occurred.
這就是發(fā)生交通事故的地方。
b.the person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor.
他的鄰居把信交給了他。
c. there is a big oak tree that stands just in front of the village.
村子前面有棵大象樹
d.most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly, honestly, and frankly about their trouble.
大多數(shù)病人想找人坦率、誠實(shí)地傾訴他們的苦衷。
非限制性定語從句:
1.前置:
a. we need a chairman, in whom everyone has confidence
我們需要一個(gè)人人都信賴的主席。
b.the worldly well-known actor , who had been ill for two years, meet thunderstorm applause when reappeared on the stage.
那個(gè)病了很多年的著名演員,一上臺(tái)觀眾就報(bào)以雷鳴般的掌聲。
c. piccaso, whose works inspired many artists, lived until he was a ripe old age.
畢加索的作品曾鼓勵(lì)了很多人,后來年紀(jì)很大時(shí),作品也日趨成熟。
2.后置:
a.he deposits a little sum of money in the bank, by which means he hopes to deal with any potential emergency easily.
我們每個(gè)月都在銀行里存一些錢,這樣,碰到有任何危機(jī)時(shí),我們就可以應(yīng)付了。
b. a table has four legs, one of which is broken.
桌子有四條腿,其中的一條腿是壞的。
c. living in the central australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.
生活在澳大利亞中部有很多問題,其中取水還不算最艱苦的。
d.he decided to resign, which is the best thing he could do under the circumstances.
他決定辭職,而這是他目前所能做的最好的事。
e.he is late for class today, as is often the case.
他今天遲到了,而這是經(jīng)常的事。
3.省略先行詞
這種句行就象前面講的“綜和性”翻譯一樣,直接把整個(gè)句子的意思講出來,例如:
a.the two universities signed an agreement, under which they would exchange students and scholars.
這兩個(gè)大學(xué),簽定了協(xié)議,決定交換學(xué)生和學(xué)者。
b.he caught a young soldier coming to the farmhouse , whose face turned pale for too much loss of blood.
他看見一個(gè)士兵走進(jìn)農(nóng)舍,臉色因失血過多而蒼白。
c. he passed the exam, which can be read from his the light on his face.
我從他臉上就可以看出他已通過了考試。
d. he arrived at the railway station in time , which is expected .
他果然準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了火車站。
4.譯成狀語從句
有些作定語的句子聽起來卻有點(diǎn)象狀語從句,因此翻譯時(shí)可以將其譯成狀語似的從句:
a.you should take advantage of the opportunity to learn english well, which is very valuable.(原因)
你應(yīng)該利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)好好學(xué)習(xí)英語,這太重要了。
b.we examine the quality of our products, which is why they are so reliable.(原因)
我們檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品很仔細(xì),因此產(chǎn)品都很可靠。
c.i never believe the stories, which is appealing.(讓步)
我從不相信他所說的故事,即使它很動(dòng)聽。
5. “as”引導(dǎo)的句子:
除了以上這些例子以外,還有一些特殊的由 “as”引導(dǎo)的句子, 翻譯時(shí)可參考“as”的比 較結(jié)構(gòu)從句:
a. he is not such as fool as he looks
他并不象看上去的那么傻。
b. they were not such questions as could easily be disposed of.
這些問題可不是那么容易就能處理好的。
c. it wasn’t such a good dinner as she had promised us.
這頓飯可沒有她向我們說的那么好。
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