蛘唄希苣延杏攀疲壕赫呃笫諧,對(duì)商務(wù)知識(shí)的了解可避免產(chǎn)生國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中的一些問題,許多人歡呼經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化帶來的好處但同時(shí)也有強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)聲音,在實(shí)際中即使完全的專業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。
商務(wù)英語句子及翻譯
1、Themarketleaderisfrequentlyabletoleadotherfirmsintheintroductionofnewproducts,inpricechanges,inthelevelorintensityofpromotions,andsoon.
市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者在引進(jìn)新產(chǎn)品、調(diào)整價(jià)格、促銷活動(dòng)等方面能夠領(lǐng)導(dǎo)其它企業(yè)。
2、Contrarytoacommonbelief,whollydominatingamarket,orhavingamonopoly,isseldomanadvantage:competitorsexpandmarketsandfindnewusesandusersforproducts,whichenricheseveryoneinthefield,butthemarketleadermorethanitscompetitors.
和普遍看法相反,完全控制市場(chǎng),或者壟斷,很難有優(yōu)勢(shì):競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng),尋找產(chǎn)品的新用途和客戶,從而使這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的人富有,但是市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者比競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者得到更多。
3、Inthecarhirebusiness,thechallengeractuallyadvertisesthisfact:formanyyearsAvisusedtheslogan‘We’renumbertwo.Wetryharder.’
在汽車市場(chǎng),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者登廣告的真相是:阿維斯多年來一直用這個(gè)標(biāo)語“我們是第二,我們一直很努力。”
4、Althoughsmallcompaniesaregenerallyflexible,andcanquicklyrespondtomarketconditions,theirnarrowrangeofcustomerscausesproblematicfluctuationsinturnoverandprofit.盡管一些小公司很靈活,能夠迅速對(duì)市場(chǎng)情況做出反應(yīng),他們有限的范圍內(nèi)的客戶們導(dǎo)致翻覆波動(dòng)和利潤(rùn)的不確定。
5、Althoughthemarketcouldunderstanddataconcerningcompanies’earnings,itwashighlyinefficientinvaluingassets,includingland,buildingsandpensionfunds.
盡管市場(chǎng)能夠獲悉企業(yè)收入的資料,對(duì)價(jià)值資產(chǎn)的利用效率非常低,包括土地,建筑和養(yǎng)老基金。
6、Theidealtargetsforsuchbuyoutswerecompanieswithhugecashreservesthatenabledthebuyertopaytheinterestonthedebt,orcompanieswithsuccessfulsubsidiariesthatcouldbesoldtorepaytheprincipal,orcompaniesinfieldsthatarenotsensitivetoarecessionsuchasfoodandtobacco.
收購(gòu)的理想目標(biāo)公司是,公司有巨大的現(xiàn)金儲(chǔ)備,使買方能夠支付利息的債務(wù),或公司能夠出售取得了巨大的成功的子公司來償還本金,或公司在食品和煙草領(lǐng)域不會(huì)因?yàn)槭艽於鴮?dǎo)致衰退。
7、Hecreatedahugeandliquidmarketofupto300billiondollarsfor‘junkbonds.’
他為“垃圾債券”創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)巨大的、流動(dòng)的、價(jià)值3000多億的市常
8、Fatorlazycompaniesthatfailtodothiswillbetakenoverbyraiderswhowilluseassetsmoreefficiently,cutcosts,andincreaseshareholdervalue.
臃腫的公司無法做到這些就會(huì)被侵入者取代,這些侵入者能更有效率地利用資產(chǎn)、降低成本、增加股東收益。
9、Ofcourse,purefreemarkettheoristsdisapproveofwelfarecapitalism,andallactionsinspiredbysocialresponsibility’ratherthantheattempttomaximizeprofits.
當(dāng)然,完全自由市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家不支持福利資本主義,所有的行動(dòng)都是出于社會(huì)責(zé)任感,而不是為了使利益最大化。
10、Accordingtothisapproachbusinemanagershaveresponsibilitiestoallthegroupsofpeoplewithastakeinoraninterestinoraclaimonthefirm.
通過這個(gè)方法,企業(yè)管理者應(yīng)該對(duì)支持他的、有利益相關(guān)的、或權(quán)益要求的人負(fù)責(zé)。
11、Proponentsoffloatingexchangerates,suchasMiltonFriedman,arguedthatcurrencieswouldautomaticallyestablishstableexchangerateswhichwouldreflecteconomicrealitiesmorepreciselythancalculationbycentralbankofficials.
支持浮動(dòng)匯率的人,如彌爾頓〃弗雷德曼,認(rèn)為貨幣自動(dòng)地形成固定匯率比中央銀行職員計(jì)算出來的匯率更能真實(shí)地反映經(jīng)濟(jì)情況。
12、Thishasledtothecurrentsituationinwhich95%oftheworld’scurrencytransactionsareunrelatedtotransactionsingoodsbutarepurelyspeculative.
這就導(dǎo)致在世界上95%的貨幣交易情形中,都和商品沒有關(guān)系,只是純粹的投機(jī)。
13、Themajorityofeconomistsbelieveinthecomparativecostprinciple,whichproposesthatallnationswillraisetheirlivingstandardsandrealincomeiftheyspecializeintheproductionofthosegoodsandservicesinwhichtheyhavethehighestrelativeproductivity.
大部分經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家相信比較成本原則,建議所有的國(guó)家提高人們的生活水平和收入,如果他們?cè)谒麄儗iT從事的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)方面有較高的生產(chǎn)率的話。
14、Democraticgovernmentsdo,whichoftenencouragesthemtoimposetariffsandquotasinordertoprotectwhattheyseeasstrategicindustries---notablyagriculture---withoutwhichthecountrywouldbeindangeriftherewasawar,aswellasotherjobs.
為了保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略產(chǎn)業(yè),尤其是農(nóng)業(yè),民主政府經(jīng)常鼓勵(lì)他們?cè)黾雨P(guān)稅和配額,如果沒有這個(gè)而又發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),國(guó)家將處于危機(jī)中,其它工作也一樣。
15、Withtariffs,itisimpossibletoknowthequantitythatwillbeimported,becausepricesmightbeelastic.Withquotas,governmentscansetalimittoimports.
由于關(guān)稅的存在,不可能知道進(jìn)口商品的數(shù)量,因?yàn)閮r(jià)格是波動(dòng)的。通過配額,政府可以限制進(jìn)口。
劍橋商務(wù)英語高級(jí)句子翻譯
3.句子翻譯
Directions:Inthispart,youwilltranslatethefollowingEnglishsentencesintoChinese.
1.AlthoughtheUSAhasonly5%oftheworld’spopulation,itisthelargestconsumerofenergybyfar,
consuming26%.Thisisnotsosurprisingasitistheworld’slargestindustrializedeconomy.Indeed,28%oftheUSA’senergyisconsumedbytransportationandnearlyallthistransportusesoilforfuel.
2.Asthebirthratedecreasesandlifeexpectancyincreases,therewillbeshortagesinthejobmarket.
Consequently,alotofex-employeeswhothoughttheyhadfinishedtheircareersat60willbecalledbacktowork.
3.Asyoucanseesalesroserapidlyoverthefirstmonthsleadinguptothesummerholidayperiodreachinga
peakofnearly$30millioninJuly.ItwasinfactbecauseweareduetolaunchourneweditionsinJanuaryandwewantedtoclearouttheoldstock.
4.Atthatpoint,wedecidedtoclearoutourstockandstartedofferingreductionsintheretailpriceofbikesof
upto40%.Thestrategyworkedamazinglywellandresultedinadramaticincreaseinsales,eventhoughourmarginsfell.
5.Busineareoftentooquicktoembracenewtechnologyinordertosavemoneyorgainacompetitive
advantage.Butapplyingthesamesolutiontoalltypesofbusineisneveragoodidea.Thereareculturalfactors.
6.Fundamentaltotheissueofmotivationisthedistinctionbetweenemployeeloyaltytothecompanyand
employeecommitment.Employeesfeelloyalwhentheyfeelcomfortableandwelllookedafter:jobsecurity,reasonableconditionsofpay,generousholidayentitlement,medicalinsuranceandagoodpension.
7.Procecultureappliestocompanieswhichhavestrictpowerstructuresandstrictjobroles,suchasinsurance
companies,banksandpublicservices.Strategyanddirectionseemtotakesecondplacetoorganizationandsotheyareoftenassociatedwithbureaucracy.
8.TheABCCompanyisinaveryhealthyposition.Apartfromhavingastrongbalancesheet,ithasavery
positivecashflow,whichenablesittoearnextrainterestatthebankandtokeepfinancinginvestment.
9.Thefixedassetsofacompanyareitsbuildingsandequipment.Asaninvestoryoushouldpayparticular
attentiontotwokindsofcurrentasset―thestockandtheaccountsreceivable.Iftheamountofstockisgrowingfast,thenitcouldbethatstockisn’tmoving.Iftheaccountsreceivablefigureislarge,thenthedebtorsaren’tpayingtheirbillsquicklyenough.
10.Tomakegoodinvestmentdecisions,youneedtounderstandthebusineyou’reinvestingin.Knowingwhen
tobuyandwhentoselldependsnotonlyonunderstandingthemarketingeneralbutalsothefinancialhealthofthecompany.
自考國(guó)際商務(wù)英語_句子翻譯
LESSON1INTERNATIONALBUSINESS國(guó)際商務(wù)
1.國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易,它涉及到許多因素,因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。Internationalbusinereferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticcountries.
2.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展,很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此,在此方面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的,這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。
Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Therefore,someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.
3.其他參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。
Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinearemanagementcontract,contractmanufacturing,andturnkeyproject.
4.國(guó)際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn),即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。
Internationalbusinefirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.
5.除了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資,國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的一種方式。
Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.
6.國(guó)際貿(mào)易和國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易在法制體系、貨幣、文化和自然條件與經(jīng)濟(jì)條件方面都有所不同。
Internationalbusineanddomesticbusinearequitedifferentinlegalsystems,currency,cultureandnaturalandeconomicconditions.
7.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展,無形貿(mào)易即使在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的國(guó)際貿(mào)易中所占的比例也逐漸增大。
Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,invisibletradeaccountsforanincreasingproportionoftheworldtradeeveninthedevelopingcountries.
8.國(guó)際投資是國(guó)際商務(wù)的另一個(gè)重要形式,可分為外國(guó)直接投資和證券投資兩大領(lǐng)域。
Internationalinvestmentisanotherformofinternationalbusineandcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories,foreigndirectinvestmentandportfolioinvestment.
9.對(duì)商務(wù)知識(shí)的了解可避免產(chǎn)生國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中的一些問題。
Knowledgeofbusinewillavoidgivingrisetosomeproblemsinrespectofinternationalbusineactivities.
10.BOT是“交鑰匙”工程的一種流行的變通形式。
BOTisapopularvariantoftheturnkeyproject.
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LESSON2收入水平與世界市場(chǎng)
INCOMELEVELANDTHEWORLDMARKET
11.國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩個(gè)重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家。
GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicateacountry’sincome.
ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPisthattheformerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.
12.要評(píng)估某一市場(chǎng)的潛力,人們往往要分析其收入水平,因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁?gòu)買力高低提供了線索。Inassessingthepotentialofamarket,peopleoftenlookatitsincomelevelsinceitprovidescluesaboutthepurchasingpowerofitsresidents.
13.世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域:高收入國(guó)家,中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家。
CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheWorldBankintothreecategoriesofhigh-income,middleincomeandlowincome.
14.中國(guó)現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為1100美元以上,但幾年前它還是一個(gè)低收入的國(guó)家。
Chinawithanannualpercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddleincomecountrythoughitwasalowincomecountryjustafewyearsago.
15.就中國(guó)來說,周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng),如亞洲四小虎、東盟國(guó)家、俄羅斯等國(guó),這些國(guó)家都具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛力,能為中國(guó)提供很好的商機(jī)。
AsfarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russiaetc.thosearecountrieswithverypromisingmarketpotentialandcanoffergoodbusineopportunitiestoChina.
16.日本和中國(guó)是重要貿(mào)易伙伴,兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)互補(bǔ),又是一衣帶水的近鄰。中日貿(mào)易關(guān)系對(duì)兩國(guó)都有重要的意義。
Withmutuallycomplementaryeconomy,JapanandChinaaremajortradepartners,andthetwocountriesarecloseneighborsseparatedbyastripofwater.Sino-Japanesebusinerelationsarethereforeofgreatimportancetobothcountries.
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LESSON3地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化
REGIONALECONOMICINTEGRATION
17.過去的幾十年,地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來越重要。
Thepastdecadeswitnessedincreasinglygrowingimportanceofregionaleconomicintegration.
18.最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū),它是由美國(guó),加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。
ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeArea,formedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991.
19.經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的成員國(guó)不僅要在稅收,政府開支,企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致,而且還應(yīng)使用同一的貨幣。Themembersofaneconomicunionarerequiredtonotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolicies,etc.butalsousethesamecurrency.
20.歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一,此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)做決定,并監(jiān)督各成員國(guó)根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。
TheEuropeanCommissionisoneofthegoverningorgansoftheEU.ItisthebodywhichputsproposalstotheCouncilofMinistersfordecisionandseesthatthememberscarryouttheirdutiesunderthetreaty.
21.APEC建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上。當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國(guó)出席,分別為澳大利亞,美國(guó),加拿大,日本,韓國(guó),新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。
APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetingheldintheAustraliacapitalCanberraattendedby12membersofAustralia,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,RepublicofKorea,NewZealandandSixASEANcountries.
22.為了更好地分享商品,服務(wù),勞動(dòng)以及其他資源自由流動(dòng)帶來的好處,各國(guó)簽署了各種協(xié)議,促進(jìn)成員國(guó)間的貿(mào)易自由化。
Tobetterenjoythebenefitoffreeflowofgoods,services,capital,laborandotherresources,countrieshavesignedvariousagreementstoliberalizetradeamongthem.
23.歐盟各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的成功一體化降低了跨境交易成本,實(shí)現(xiàn)了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì),歐洲企業(yè)也在更激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中提高了效率。
ThesuccessfulintegrationofEuropeaneconomieseliminatedthecostofcross-bordertransactions,realizedbettereconomiesofscaleandmadetheEuropeancompaniesmoreefficientthroughmoreintensecompetition.
24.除了區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化,各國(guó)還可能建立商品卡特爾控制某種商品的產(chǎn)量和定價(jià)來為相關(guān)產(chǎn)品尋求更高或更穩(wěn)定的價(jià)格。
Besidesregionaleconomicintegration,countriesmayformacommoditycarteltocontroltheproduction,pricingandsaleofparticulargoodssoastoseekhigherandmorestablepricesfortherelevantgoods.
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LESSON4經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化
ECONOMICGLOBALIZATION
25.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了新的動(dòng)力和機(jī)會(huì),同時(shí)也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴,相互影響。Economicglobalizationisgivingnewimpetusandopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive.
26.跨國(guó)公司是在一個(gè)以上的國(guó)家擁有、控制和經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)的商業(yè)組織。
Amultinationalenterpriseisabusineorganizationthatowns,controlsandmanagesassetsinmorethanonecountry.
27.許多人歡呼經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化帶來的好處、但同時(shí)也有強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)聲音。
Whilemanypeopleareacclaimingthebenefitsbroughtaboutbyeconomicglobalization,therearealsoloudvoicesofopposition.
28.跨國(guó)公司的內(nèi)部交換占整個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一個(gè)很大的比例。
Thetransferoftheintra-MNEtransactionsconstitutesaverysignificantproportionoftotalinternationaltrade.
29.盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國(guó)企業(yè)的子公司,但重要決策,如有關(guān)公司目標(biāo)和新投資等都由母公司來決定。
Althoughtheday-to-dayrunningofcorporateoperationsmaybedecentralizedtotheaffiliateMNCs,themajordecisions,suchasthoseoncorporategoalsandnewinvestmentsaremadebytheparentcompany.
30.無論人們是否喜歡,經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的一個(gè)客觀趨勢(shì)。
Likeitornot,economicglobalizationhasbecomeanobjectivetrendinworldeconomicdevelopment.
31.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化不僅涉及經(jīng)濟(jì),而且對(duì)政治、文化、價(jià)值觀和生活方式都有重要影響。
Economyisnottheonlyelementinvolvedinglobalizationsinceitalsohasanimportantbearingonpolitics,culture,valueandwayoflife.
32.如果一家跨國(guó)公司是原來的投資公司,它便稱為母公司,一般也是這家國(guó)際企業(yè)組織的總部。IftheMNCistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itisknownastheparentMNC,whichisnormallyalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.
33.除了總部以外,跨國(guó)企業(yè)組織也可能有不同的地區(qū)總部和業(yè)務(wù)總部。
AnMNEmayalsohavevariousregionalandoperationalheadquarters,inadditiontointernationaltrade.
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34.一些跨國(guó)企業(yè)有許多年的歷史,它們的收入每年以兩位數(shù)的速度增長(zhǎng),扣除通貨膨脹因素比許多國(guó)家的GDP增長(zhǎng)還快。
SomeMNEshaveahistoryofmanyyearsandtheirdoubledigitgrowthrateofrevenueadjustedforinflationishigherthanthatoftheGDPofmanycountries.
35.在當(dāng)今世界里,跨國(guó)企業(yè)是一種可以跨越邊界轉(zhuǎn)移資源的非常重要的途徑。
ourworldtoday,theInmultinationalenterprisesareveryimportantvehiclesforthetransferofresourcesacronationalboundaries.
36.技術(shù)、資本和現(xiàn)成的市場(chǎng)是跨國(guó)企業(yè)帶給不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的利益。
Technology,capitalandreadymarketsaresortofbenefitsMNEsbringtoledevelopedhostcountries.
LESSON5國(guó)際貿(mào)易
INTERNATIONALTRADE(Ⅰ)
37.在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界中,沒有一個(gè)國(guó)家可以完全自給自足。
Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.
38.隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)刺激貿(mào)易的因素,即國(guó)際專門化。
Withthedevelopmentofmanufactureandtechnology,therearoseanotherincentivefortrade, http://www.zzlgroo.com ernationalspecialization.
39.按照比較利益學(xué)說,兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。
Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,bothtradepartnerscanbenefitfromtrade.
40.比較利益并不是一個(gè)靜止的概念,一個(gè)國(guó)家可以通過自己的行動(dòng)發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept.Acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagethroughitsownaction.
41.比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易思想的基石。
Theideaofcomparativeadvantagehasbecomethecornerstoneofmodernthinkingoninternationaltrade.
42.絕對(duì)利益學(xué)說和比較利益學(xué)說是國(guó)際專門化中的兩種理論。
Absoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantagearetwotheoriesofinternationalspecialization.
22
LESSON6國(guó)際貿(mào)易
INTERNATIONALTRADE(Ⅱ)
43.一件商品的成本會(huì)因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而減少。
Thecostofaproductwilldecreasewiththeexpansionofproductionscale.
44.在實(shí)際中,即使完全的專業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利,也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。
Inreality,completespecializationmaynevertakeplaceeventhoughitiseconomicallyadvantageous.
45.配額或者說數(shù)量限制是最常見的關(guān)稅壁壘。
Quotasorquantitativerestrictionsarethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.
46.有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易,而無形貿(mào)易涉及的是國(guó)家間的勞務(wù)交換。
Thevisibletradeistheimportantandexportofgoods,andtheinvisibletradeistheexchangeofservicesbetweencountries.
47.國(guó)家從事的貿(mào)易種類是多樣的、復(fù)雜的,往往是有形貿(mào)易和無形貿(mào)易的混合。
Thekindsoftradenationsengageinarevariedandcomplex,oftenamixtureofvisibleandinvisibletrade.
48.各國(guó)政府經(jīng)常采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施也是貿(mào)易障礙,典型的例子是關(guān)稅和配額。
Protectionistmeasureswhichareoftentakenbygovernmentsarealsobarrierstotrade,andtypicalexamplesaretariffsandquotas.
49.“自愿”這個(gè)說法一般意味著進(jìn)口國(guó)已經(jīng)威脅在自愿合作不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況下將實(shí)行更大的限制!皏oluntary”labelgenerallymeansthattheimportingcountryhasthreatenedtoimposeevenTheworserestrictionsifvoluntarycooperationisnotforthcoming.
50.大保險(xiǎn)公司為國(guó)際貿(mào)易提供保險(xiǎn)服務(wù),并通過為其他國(guó)家的外貿(mào)保險(xiǎn)而收取費(fèi)用。
Largeinsurancecompaniesprovideserviceforinternationaltradeandearnfeesforinsuringothernation’sforeigntrade.
51.許多國(guó)家可能有美麗的風(fēng)景,名勝古跡或只是溫和的充滿陽光的氣候,這些國(guó)家吸引著大批旅游者。Manycountriesmayhavebeautifulscenery,wonderfulattractions,placesofhistoricalinterest,ormerelyamildandsunnyclimate.Thesecountriesattractlargenumbersoftourists.
52.勞務(wù)輸出輸入可以是個(gè)人,或是由公司甚至國(guó)家組織。對(duì)一些國(guó)家來說,它正在成為一種重要的無形貿(mào)易形式。
Importandexportoflaborservicemaybeundertakenbyindividuals,ororganizedbycompaniesorevenbystates.Andthisisbecominganimportantanimportantkindofinvisibletradeforsomecountries.
22
LESSON7國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則
INCOTERMS2000
53.包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行,在大多數(shù)情況下,賣方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。Packingshouldbemadeaccordingtotherequirementoftransportation.Inmostcases,thesellerknowsclearlytheparticulartypeofpackingrequiredfortransportingthegoodssafelytodestination.
54.在許多情況下,應(yīng)通知買方在賣方將貨物啟運(yùn)之時(shí)或之前安排驗(yàn)貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定,否則買方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗(yàn)貨費(fèi)用。
Inmanycases,thebuyershallbenotifiedtogothroughtheinspectionofgoodsatorbeforethetimeofshipment.Unleotherwisespecified,thebuyerissupposedtoundertakethechargesofinspectionthusincurredforhisownsake.
55.進(jìn)口商可以通過可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)將貨物在運(yùn)輸途中賣給新的買方,這類可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來非常方便。Theimportercansellthegoodstoanewbuyerwhiletheyarebeingcarriedbymeansofnegotiableshippingdocumentswhichareveryconvenientforuse.
56.在所有條款中,買賣雙方各自的義務(wù)排列在10項(xiàng)標(biāo)題下。
Underallterms,therespectiveobligationsofthebuyerandtheselleraregroupedunder10headings.
57.2000年對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則的修改考慮了無關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展,商務(wù)活動(dòng)中電子通訊使用的增加,以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。
The2000revisionofIncotermstookaccountofthespreadofcustoms-freezones,theincreaseduseofelectroniccommunication,andthechangesintransportpractices.
22
LESSON8商業(yè)合同
THEBUSINESSCONTRACT
58.合同依法實(shí)施,未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴,并被強(qiáng)制作出賠償。
Acontractisenforceablebylaw,andthepartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation.
59.口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對(duì)面的直接談判或通過國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話進(jìn)行的商談。
Oralbusinenegotiationsrefertoface-to-facediscussionsorthoseconductedthroughinternationaltrunkcalls.
60.買方發(fā)出的詢盤是為了獲得擬定購(gòu)商品的有關(guān)信息,它對(duì)發(fā)出詢盤的人無約束力。
Enquiriesmadebythebuyeraretogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeordered,andarenotbindingontheinquirer.
61.有效期對(duì)于確盤是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)間之前,或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前確盤一直是有效的。Thevalidityperiodisindispensabletoafirmoffer,thatremainsvaliduntilastipulatedtimeoruntilitisacceptedorrejected.
62.還盤是對(duì)發(fā)盤的拒絕,一旦做出還盤,原報(bào)盤即失效而失去約束力。
Acounter-offerisarefusalofAtheofferwhichwillbeinvalidandunbindingonceacounter-offerismade.
63.合同是在雙方所達(dá)成的協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)上制定的,而協(xié)議又是雙方進(jìn)行商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果。ContractTheisbasedonagreement,whichistheresultofbusinenegotiations.
64.答復(fù)詢盤時(shí),出口商可以寄去一個(gè)報(bào)價(jià)單,其中應(yīng)包括詢盤中所要求的所有必要的信息。
Inresponsetoanenquiry,aquotationmaybesentbytheexporterwhichshouldincludeallthenecessaryinformationrequiredbytheenquiry.
65.收到發(fā)盤的人可能發(fā)現(xiàn)該盤的一部分不能接受,并可能提出他自己的建議供進(jìn)一步討論,這就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)還盤。
Theoffereemayfindpartoftheofferunacceptableandmayraiseforfurtherdiscussionshisownproposalswhichconstituteacounteroffer.
66.不管業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商是以書面還是口頭進(jìn)行,一旦發(fā)盤或還盤被接受,便認(rèn)為是達(dá)成了交易。
Nomatterwhetherbusinenegotiationisconductedorallyorbywayofwriting,transactionisconsideredconcludedonceanofferoracounter-offerisaccepted.
67.合同的構(gòu)成同貿(mào)易協(xié)定或任何其他種類的正式協(xié)定類似。
Thesettingupofacontractissimilartothatofatradeagreementoranyothertypeofformalagreements.
22
LESSON9貿(mào)易方式
MODESOFTRADE
68.對(duì)銷貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國(guó)家的政策目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的,如應(yīng)對(duì)外匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類的問題。Thecountertradeisgenerallyassociatedwithpolicyobjectivesofrelevantcountrieslikedealingwithforeignexchangeandpromotionofexports.
69.實(shí)質(zhì)上,反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換。
Inessence,countertradereferstothedirectexchangeofassortedkindsofgoodsandservices.
70.回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和互購(gòu)貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別在于回購(gòu)貿(mào)易一般比互購(gòu)貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。Anotherimportantdifferenceisthatabuybackdealusuallystretchesoveralongerperiodoftimethanacounterpurchasedeal.
71.在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中,由于使用貨幣及市場(chǎng)手段,貨物的買與賣是分別進(jìn)行的。
InnormalmarketIntransactionsbuyingandsellingofgoodsareunbundled,becauseoftheuseofmoneyandthemarket.
72.盡管有很多好處,反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。
Despiteallitsadvantages,countertradecanbeveryriskybusiness.
在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。
Amongothermodesoftradeareprocessingtrade,consign-ment,leasingtrade,agencyetc.
22
LESSON10國(guó)際支付
INTERNATIONALPAYMENT
73.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約的可能。
Ininternationaltrade,boththeexporterandimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymayfailtofulfillthecontract.
74.為處理國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢(shì),各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來。
Variousmethodsofpaymenthavebeendevelopedtocopewithdifferentsituationsininternationaltrade.
75.許多國(guó)際交易是通過匯票支付的,匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。
Alotofinternationaltransactionsarepaidforbymeansofthedraft,whichisanordertoabankoracustomertopay.
76.即期付款交單要求進(jìn)口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。
Documentsagainstpaymentatsightrequiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.
77.就出口商而言,即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利,付款交單比承兌交單有利。
Sofarastheexporter’sinterestisconcernedD\PatsightismorefavorablethanD\Paftersight,andD\PismorefavorablethanD\A.
78.信用證的目的是通過銀行信譽(yù)為國(guó)際支付提供便利。
TheobjectiveofanL/Cistofacilitateinternationalpaymentbymeansofthecreditworthineofthebank.
79.只有在符合信用證所規(guī)定條款的情況下,才保證向受益人付款。
Theletterofcreditonlyassurespaymenttothebeneficiaryprovidedthetermsandconditionsofthecreditarefulfilled.
80.只要所有單據(jù)都符合信用證的規(guī)定,便認(rèn)為銀行履行了職責(zé)。Thebankswillbeconsideredashavingfulfilledtheirresponsibilitysolongasalldocumentscomplywiththestipulationsofthecredit.
81.信用證獨(dú)特而具有代表性的特征就是對(duì)買賣雙方所提供的雙邊保證。Theuniqueandcharacteristicfeatureoftheletterofcreditisthebilateralsecurityofferedtoboththesellerandthebuyer.
82.受益人如果發(fā)現(xiàn)信用證中有任何與合同不符之處,便要求開證人進(jìn)行修改,以便能保證安全及時(shí)地收到貨款。
Thebeneficiarywillrequesttheopenertomakeamendmentstoanydiscrepanciesinthecreditsoastoensuresafeandtimelypayment.
22
LESSON11信用證
THELETTEROFCREDIT(Ⅰ)
83.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中幾乎不可能使付款和實(shí)際交貨同時(shí)進(jìn)行。
IninternationaltradeitisalmostimpossibleIntomatchpaymentwiththephysicaldeliveryofthegoods.
84.信用證付款方式對(duì)買賣雙方都提供保障。
Themethodofpaymentbytheletterofcreditofferssecuritytoboththesellerandthebuyer.
85.現(xiàn)代信用證在19世紀(jì)后半葉開始采用,第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。
Moderncreditswereintroducedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandhadsubstantialdevelopmentaftertheFirstWorldWar.
86.要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額過大,要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開證行不完全信任,出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌的信用證。Eitherbecausethecreditamountistoolarge,orbecausehedoesnotfullytrusttheopeningbank,theexportermaysometimesrequireaconfirmedletterofcredit.
87.信用證的形式、長(zhǎng)短、語言和規(guī)定各不相同。
Lettersofcreditarevariedinform,length,languageandstipulations.
88.雖然保兌信用證能夠給受益人提供最大的付款保證,但它卻因保兌而增加了費(fèi)用。
Althoughaconfirmedcreditisabletoprovidethegreatestdegreeofsecuritytothebeneficiary,itinvolves4additionalcostasaresultoftheconfirmation.
89.即期信用證給予受益人最好的付款保障,并有助于他加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)。只要受益人向銀行提示匯票和準(zhǔn)確無誤的單據(jù),銀行便立即付款。
SightcreditgivesthebeneficiarybettersecurityandhelpsAhimspeeduphiscapitalturnover.Thebankwillmakepaymentprovidedthatthebeneficiarypresentsthedraftandimpeccabledocumentstoit.
90.如果信用證上沒有明確規(guī)定是否可以轉(zhuǎn)讓,根據(jù)信用證的規(guī)定,應(yīng)視為不可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。
Ifacreditdoesnotspecifywhetheritistransferable,itshouldberegardedasanon-transferablecreditaccordingtothecreditstipulations.
91.循環(huán)信用證規(guī)定,其金額用過后,在未對(duì)其進(jìn)行特定修改的情況下,即可重新恢復(fù)到原金額。Revolvingcreditstipulatesthatitsamountcanberenewedorreinstatedwithoutspecificamendmenttothecreditbeingmade.
92.信用證極大地方便并促進(jìn)了國(guó)際貿(mào)易,然而它并不能給締約雙方提供絕對(duì)的安全。
Theletterofcredithasgreatlyfacilitatedandpromotedinternationaltrade.However,itcannotprovideabsolutesecurityforthecontractingparties.
22
LESSON12信用證
THELETTEROFCREDIT(Ⅱ)
93.信用證按其作用、形式和機(jī)制分作不同的種類。
Lettersofcreditareclassifiedintodifferenttypesaccordingtotheirfunction,form,andmechanism.
94.光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算,而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。
Cleanlettersofcreditaremainlyusedinnon-tradesettlement,whiledocumentarycreditsaregenerallyusedincommoditytrade.
95.在即期信用證情況下,提示匯票和正確無誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。
Inthecaseofsightcredits,paymentcanbemadepromptlyuponpresentationofdraftandimpeccableshippingdocuments.
96.遠(yuǎn)期信用證顯然要使用遠(yuǎn)期匯票。付款期限可為30天、天甚至可長(zhǎng)達(dá)180天。
Ausancecreditobviouslycallsforatimedraft,andtheusancevariesfrom30,60,toaslongas180days.
97.如果信用證可以由原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個(gè)或幾個(gè)人,那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。原受益人稱作第一受益人,接受轉(zhuǎn)讓的人稱作第二受益人。
Aletterofcreditiscalledtransferableifitcanbetransferredbyitsoriginalbeneficiarytooneormoreparties.Theoriginalbeneficiaryiscalledfirstbeneficiary,andthepartythecreditistransferredtoiscalledthesecondbeneficiary.
補(bǔ)充:對(duì)于一筆具體交易來說,信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式。締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況作出最好的選擇。
Theletterofcreditmaynotbethemostidealmethodofpaymentforaparticulartransaction,andthecontractingpartiesshouldmaketheirbestchoiceaccordingtothespecificconditions.
22
LESSON13世界貿(mào)易中需要的主要單據(jù)
MAJORDOCUMENTSREQUIREDINWORLDTRADE
98.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要,否則進(jìn)口商提貨時(shí)會(huì)遇到困難。
Itisveryimportanttousecorrectdocumentsininternationaltrade;otherwisetheimporterwillhavedifficultiesintakingdeliveryofthegoods.
99.商業(yè)發(fā)票,一般稱為“發(fā)票”,這種單據(jù)對(duì)貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概括性描述。Thecommercialinvoice,generallycalledtheinvoicemakesageneraldescriptionofthequality,quantity,unitprice,andtotalvalueofthegoods.
100.貨物在運(yùn)輸過程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失,需要辦理貨物保險(xiǎn)。
Itisnecessarytoinsurethegoodsagainstthepossibleriskstheyareexposedtointhecourseoftransportation.
101.已裝船提單表明貨物已實(shí)際裝上開往目的港的承運(yùn)船只。
Anonboardbillofladingindicatesthatthegoodshavebeenactuallyloadedonboardofthecarryingvesselboundfortheportofdestination.
102.清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船,這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。
Acleanbillofladingreferstoonethatindicatesthegoodshavebeenshippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition,whichmeansitisdevoidofanyqualifyingremarksaboutthepackingandtheouterappearanceofthegoods.
103.同海運(yùn)提單類似的有用于航空運(yùn)輸?shù)目者\(yùn)提單和用于鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)蔫F路提單。
Thedocumentsimilartotheoceanbillofladingiscalledairwaybillforairtransportationandrailwaybillforrailwaytransportation.
104.提單的簽發(fā)日期絕不能晚于信用證所規(guī)定的時(shí)間。
Thedatewhenthebillofladingisissuedcanbynomeansbelaterthanthatstipulatedinthecredit.
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LESSON14國(guó)際運(yùn)輸
INTERNATIONALTRANSPORTATION
105.毫無疑問,一個(gè)沒有先進(jìn)的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)仍然是一個(gè)原始落后的社會(huì)。
Thereisnodoubtthatasocietywithoutanadvancedtransportationsystemremainsprimitive.
106.這些方式在運(yùn)作特點(diǎn)和性能方面不同,從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)。五種運(yùn)輸方式分別是:水路、鐵路、公路、管道及航空。
Themodesdifferintermsofoperatingcharacteristicsandcapabilities,givingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thefivemajormodesarewater,rail,truck,pipelineandair.
107.過去10年,公司自己提供運(yùn)輸能力的傾向越來越大。
Thepastdecadehasseenanincreasingtendencyamongbusinefirmstoprovidetheirowntransportationcapability.
108.作為一個(gè)社會(huì),我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時(shí)更富裕,更消閑。
asociety,weenjoyaricherAsandmoreleisurelylifethanwewouldbeinatotallyself-sufficientcommunity.
109.最近幾年運(yùn)輸功能引人注目的另一個(gè)因素就是越來越多的使用零庫(kù)存系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)是以公司保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入的生產(chǎn)方式為基礎(chǔ)的。
Anotherfactorthathasthrusttransportationintothelimelightinrecentyearsisthegrowingutilizationofjust-in-timeinventorysystems,onthebasisofaproductionapproachinwhichthefirmmaintainsverysmallquantitiesofproductioninputs.5
110.從正式的意義上來說,貨物運(yùn)輸可定義為商品和產(chǎn)品為經(jīng)濟(jì)目的進(jìn)行的移動(dòng)以及這種移動(dòng)對(duì)商業(yè)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步產(chǎn)生的影響。Inaformalsense,freighttransportationisdefinedastheeconomicmovementofcommoditiesandproductsandtheeffectofsuchmovementonthedevelopmentandadvancementofbusiness.
111.所有的運(yùn)輸方式以及其代表性的運(yùn)載工具在整個(gè)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)中起著重要的作用。
Allthemodesandtheirrepresentativecarriersplayimportantrolesintheoveralltransportationsystem.
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LESSON15INSURANCE(Ⅰ)保險(xiǎn)
112.保險(xiǎn)是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制。通過保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。Insuranceisarisktransfermechanism,bywhichtheindividualorthebusineenterprisecanshiftsomeoftheuncertaintyoflifetotheshouldersofothers.
113.即使是在這種情況下,大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費(fèi)用即保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)來轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而不愿面對(duì)不確定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失。
Evenunderthesecircumstances,mostofthefirmsprefertopayaknowncostorpremiumforthetransferofrisk,ratherthanfacetheuncertaintyofcarryingtheriskofloss.
114.對(duì)企業(yè)來說損失的價(jià)值要比個(gè)人高很多。因此保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)也比一棟房子或一輛車高出許多。
Inthecaseofbusineenterprises,thevaluesexposedtoloareusuallymuchhigherandthepremiumchargedissubstantiallyhigherthanthatforahouseoracar.
115.企業(yè)投保的主要刺激是他們可以騰出資金,進(jìn)行其他項(xiàng)目的投資。
Themainstimulustotheenterpriseisthereleaseoffundsforinvestmentintheproductionofotheritems.
116.因此,貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到專門承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人一方的活動(dòng)。
Therefore,cargoinsuranceisanactivityaimingatmovingtheburdenofriskfromtheexportersandimporterstotheunderwriters.
117.轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人稱為投保人,承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人稱為承保人。
Thosewhotransferriskarecalledinsureds.Thosewhoassumeriskarecalledinsurers.
118.保險(xiǎn)是一種社會(huì)機(jī)制,人們?cè)诖藱C(jī)制下轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并從所有轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的成員所繳納的基金中提供損失賠償金。
Insuranceisasocialdeviceinwhichagroupofindividualstransferriskandprovidesforpaymentoflossesfromfundscontributedbyallmemberswhotransferredrisk.
119.貨物保險(xiǎn)是主要保險(xiǎn)中的一種。這些保險(xiǎn)通常有火險(xiǎn),海上保險(xiǎn)和意外事故險(xiǎn)。
Cargoinsuranceisoneofthemainbranchesofinsurance.Theseareusuallylistedasfire,marine,lifeandaccident.
120.關(guān)于運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn),重要的一點(diǎn)是要認(rèn)識(shí)到“是為商業(yè)服務(wù)的”。
Theimportantpointtorealizeabouttransportationinsuranceisthatitis“thehandmaidenofcommerce”.
121.他并非想挖空保險(xiǎn)基金,而寧愿讓貨物安全到達(dá)目的地。
Hedoesnotwanttoscoopthepool;hewouldpreferhiscargoestoreachtheirdestinationsafely.
22
LESSON16保險(xiǎn)
INSURANCE(Ⅱ)
122.沒有可保利益的保險(xiǎn)合同是無效的。而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的索賠都不會(huì)被受理。
Aninsurancecontractwithoutaninsurableinteresttosupportitisinvalidandanyclaimmadeuponitwillnotbeentertained.
123.盡管錯(cuò)誤的陳述是無意的,但保險(xiǎn)人還是受到欺騙。從而保險(xiǎn)合同無效。
Eventhoughthemis-statementisunintentional,theunderwriterwillstillbedeceivedandthepolicyvoidable.
124.將受損失人的利益恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險(xiǎn)合同。
Acontractofinsuranceisonewhichrestoresapersonwhohassufferedalointothesamepositionashewasinbeforethelooccurred.
125.賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用及保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)再加上一個(gè)商定的百分比,如10%。
Thecompensationpayablegenerallyincludestheinvoicedcostplusfreight,theinsurancepremium,andanagreedpercentage,say10%.
126.如果投保的險(xiǎn)別不是造成損失的直接原因,保險(xiǎn)公司將不予賠償。
Theinsurancecompanywillnotentertaintheclaimiftheriskcoveredisnottheproximatecauseoftheloss.
127.人們對(duì)不“涉及自己利益”的東西投保就被認(rèn)為是“違背公共政策”。這就意味著鼓勵(lì)犯罪。Theinsuringofanythingbypeoplewhoarenot“interested”initisheldtobe“againstpublicpolicy”.Thismeansthatcrimewouldbeencouraged.
128.在貨物保險(xiǎn)中,如果我們了解使用的銷售條款,就知道在任何特定的時(shí)間誰擁有對(duì)貨物的權(quán)益。Incargoinsuranceweknowwhohasaninterestinthecargoatanyparticularpointoftime,ifweknowthetermsofsalewhichhavebeenarranged.
129.人們根據(jù)提議形式的書面聲明,決定某項(xiàng)保險(xiǎn)的保費(fèi)是否合理。
Thepeoplewhodecidewhatpremiumisfairforaparticularcoverdosoonthebasisofwrittenstatementsmadeinaproposalform.
130.損失費(fèi)用分?jǐn)傇瓌t規(guī)定同樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不能投保兩次,不能從兩個(gè)保險(xiǎn)人那里獲得賠償費(fèi)。Contributionholdsthatapersoncannotbeallowedtoinsuretwiceforthesamerisk,andclaimcompensationfrombothinsurers.
131.保險(xiǎn)公司有權(quán)利用被保人所享有的一切權(quán)利這一有利條件來減少其不得不承擔(dān)的損失。
Theinsurerisentitledtotheadvantageofeveryrightoftheassuredwhichwilldiminishthelohehasbeenforcedtobear.
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LESSON17國(guó)際貨幣體系與匯率
THEINTERNATIONALMONETARYSYSTEM
ANDEXCHANGERATE
132.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)之前,金本位制建立了固定匯率制,每個(gè)國(guó)家通過將本國(guó)貨幣與黃金掛鉤來確定其貨幣的平價(jià)。
BeforetheFirstWorldWar,thegoldstandardcreatedafixedexchangeratesystem6aseachcountrypeggedthevalueofitscurrencytogoldtoestablishitsparvalue.
133.1944年44國(guó)在美國(guó)布雷頓森林舉行會(huì)議簽署了協(xié)議,計(jì)劃在世界貿(mào)易和貨幣方面實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的合作。
In1944,44nationsheldaconferenceatBrettonWoods,U.S.A.,toplanbettercooperationinworldtradeandcurrencymatter.
134.彈性匯率制從沒有真正地“干凈”或自由地浮動(dòng)。因?yàn)橹醒脬y行為了穩(wěn)定匯率采取了各種措施對(duì)貨幣價(jià)格進(jìn)行干涉。
Theflexibleexchangeratesystemhasneverbeencleanfloatorfreefloat,becausethecentralbanktakesvariousmeasurestointerveneinthepriceofitscurrencyinordertostabilizetheexchangerate.
135.在特定條件下,提高利率可以吸引國(guó)外短期資金,提高一國(guó)的外匯匯率。
Underspecificconditions,highinterestratewillattractshort-terminternationalfund,increasingtheexchangerateofone’sowncurrency.
136.外匯匯率有三種形式,買進(jìn)匯率、即:售出匯率和兩者的平均值—中間匯率。
Therearethreetypesofforeignexchangepricenamely:thebuyingrate,thesellingrateandtheaverageoftheprevioustwothemedialrate.
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LESSON18國(guó)際金融機(jī)構(gòu)
INTERNATIONALFINANCIALORGANIZATONS
137.這些機(jī)構(gòu)的共同目標(biāo)是通過把發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的資金輸送到發(fā)展中國(guó)家?guī)椭@些國(guó)家提高生活水平。Thecommonobjectiveoftheseinstitutionsistohelpraisestandardsoflivingindevelopingcountriesbychannelingfinancialresourcestothemfromdevelopedcountries.
138.國(guó)際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行的資金有相當(dāng)大一部分來自它的留存盈余以及償還貸款的不斷流入。
AsubstantialcontributiontotheIBRD’sresourcescomesfromitsretainedearningsandtheflowofrepaymentsonitsloans.
139.該銀行的貸款是向處于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展較高階段的發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供的。
TheloansofIBRDaredirectedtowarddevelopingcountriesatmoreadvancedstagesofeconomicandsocialgrowth.
140.國(guó)際貨幣基金組織旨在向那些在付款方面有困難的基金會(huì)員國(guó)提供中期貸款。
ThepurposeofIMFistoprovidemediumtermloanstothosememberswithpaymentdifficulties.
141.為了承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)使命,多邊投資擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)向投資者提供擔(dān)保以防范非商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),向發(fā)展中成員國(guó)政府提供咨詢,并為國(guó)際商業(yè)界與東道國(guó)政府就投資問題安排對(duì)話。
Toundertakethismission,MIGoffersinvestorsguaranteesagainstnoncommercialrisks,advicesdevelopingmembergovernmentsonpoliciesandsponsorsdialoguesbetweentheinternationalbusinecommunityandhostgovernmentsoninvestmentissues.
LESSON19對(duì)外直接投資
FOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENT
142.對(duì)外直接投資是國(guó)際投資的主要方式,一國(guó)居民為進(jìn)行督控和經(jīng)營(yíng)通過對(duì)外投資獲取另一國(guó)的資產(chǎn)。Foreigndirectinvestmentisthemajorformofinternationalinvestment,wherebyresidentsofonecountryacquireassetsinaforeigncountryforthepurposeofcontrollingandmanagingthem.
143.控制成本是一些企業(yè)進(jìn)行對(duì)外投資的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)之一。而降低生產(chǎn)成本是考慮的一個(gè)重要方面。ControllingcostsisoneofthemajormotivationsforsomeenterprisestoengageinFDI.Andloweringproductioncostsisanimportantconsideration.
144.直接在國(guó)外經(jīng)營(yíng)提高一個(gè)公司產(chǎn)品的能見度,使當(dāng)?shù)乜蛻魧?duì)他們所購(gòu)買的商品更加放心。Operatingdirectlyabroadenhancesthevisibilityofafirm’sproducts,makinglocalcustomersfeelmoreassuredaboutthethingstheybuy.
145.即時(shí)庫(kù)存管理系統(tǒng)的引進(jìn)能最大限度地降低庫(kù)存從而提高經(jīng)營(yíng)效率。TheintroductionofJITinventorymanagementsystemcanminimizetheinventoryofthestocksoastoincreasetheefficiencyoftheoperation.
146.國(guó)外直接投資主要有三種形式:建立新企業(yè)、購(gòu)買現(xiàn)有設(shè)施和建立合資公司。
FDIismainlypracticedinthreeforms:Buildingnewenterprises,purchasingexistingfacilitiesandformingjointventures.
LESSON20國(guó)際證券交易所
THEINTERNATIONALSTOCKEXCHANGE
147.選擇權(quán)是指在特定的時(shí)間內(nèi)按規(guī)定的價(jià)格購(gòu)買或出售一種證券的權(quán)利。
Optionsarecontractsgivingtherighttobuyorsellasecurityatanagreedpricewithinaparticularperiodoftime.
148.未掛牌證券市場(chǎng)是為了滿足已經(jīng)確立了地位的,但是較小的,而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建立的。Theunlistedsecuritiesmarketistomeettheneedsofestablished,butsmaller,lematurecompanies.
149.政府滿足公共部門借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊證券。
OneofthewaysthegovernmentmeetsthepublicSectorBorrowingRequirementisbysellinggilt-edgedstocks.
150.通過為證券的發(fā)行和交易提供中心市場(chǎng),股票交易所長(zhǎng)期為政府、工業(yè)以及投資商的需求服務(wù)。TheStockExchangehaslongservedtheneedsofgovernment,industryandinvestorsinprovidingthecentralmarketplacefortheissuingandtradingofsecurities.
151.國(guó)際股票交易所提供了一種途徑,使人們的存款能夠?yàn)槟切┬枰Y金的人所利用。
TheInternationalStockExchangeprovidesachannelthroughwhichthesavingscanreachthosewhoneedfinance.
LESSON21世界貿(mào)易組織與中國(guó)
THEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONANDCHINA
152.關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定體系(現(xiàn)為世界貿(mào)易組織)是通過一系列的貿(mào)易談判或回合發(fā)展起來的,它最初有三個(gè)基本目標(biāo)。
TheGATTsystem(nowWTO)wasdevelopedthroughaseriesoftradenegotiationsorrounds.Itoriginallyhadthreebasicgoals.7
153.加入世界貿(mào)易組織對(duì)中國(guó)有益,因?yàn)樗鼘⒋龠M(jìn)中國(guó)的改革和發(fā)展,提高商品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量,降低商品成本和服務(wù)費(fèi)用,刺激投資和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),改善法制。
China’sWTOaccessionwillbenefitChinabecauseitwillhelpadvanceitsreformanddevelopment,improvethequalityandreducethecostofgoodsandservices,spurinvestmentandthecreationofnewjobs,andpromotetheruleoflaw.
154.世界貿(mào)易組織的主要目的是為了促進(jìn)自由貿(mào)易、進(jìn)一步減少貿(mào)易壁壘并建立更有效的貿(mào)易糾紛解決機(jī)制。ThemainobjectivesofWTOaretopromotefreetrade,furtherreducetradebarriers,andestablishmoreeffectivetradedisputesettlementprocedures.
155.WTO爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制是當(dāng)今國(guó)際水準(zhǔn)上的最為活躍的體系而且對(duì)國(guó)際法的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意義。TheWTOdisputesettlementsystemisthemostactiveonetodayattheinternationallevelandhastremendousimportancefortheprogressivedevelopmentofinternationallaw.
156.盡管中國(guó)取得了很大的成就,但仍然面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。一部分挑戰(zhàn)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)來自于農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行業(yè)和保險(xiǎn)業(yè),還有一部分來自于一些國(guó)家所采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施。
Despitealltheachievements,Chinastillfacesbigchallenges.Someofthechallengesandcompetitionarefromtheagriculturalsectorandbankingandinsuranceindustries.Andsomearecausedbytheprotectionistmeasuresinsomecountries.
LESSON22聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展大會(huì)
THEUNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADEANDDEVELOPMENT
157.盡管第一次會(huì)議沒有制定出具體目標(biāo),聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議的總?cè)蝿?wù)是制定、協(xié)商和實(shí)施改善發(fā)展進(jìn)程的措施。
Althoughnospecificobjectiveswerelaiddownatthefirstconference,thegeneraltargetofUNCTADistoformulate,negotiateandimplementmeasurestoimprovethedevelopmentprocess.
158.在沒有有效協(xié)議的情況下,一旦出口收入下降,應(yīng)立即采用強(qiáng)制的和自動(dòng)的補(bǔ)救措施。
Intheabsenceofeffectiveagreements,compulsoryandautomaticcompensatorymeasuresshouldbeintroducedassoonasthereisadeclineinexportearnings.
159.實(shí)際上西方國(guó)家在使低收入國(guó)家繁榮起來的同時(shí),其對(duì)這些國(guó)家的出口將增加,因此也能或得經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
Thewesternnationswould,infact,alsohaveaneconomicinterestwhentheyarebringingprosperitytothelow-incomecountries,sincetheirexportstothesecountrieswouldthusbesteppedup.
160.國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序主要是要求發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家提供更多的現(xiàn)金和貿(mào)易方面的優(yōu)惠。
Thenewinternationaleconomicorderismainlyademandformorecashandtradeconcessionsfromthedevelopedcountries.
161.貿(mào)易和發(fā)展理事會(huì)是聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議的常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)。
ATradeandDevelopmentBoardisthepermanentorganoftheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment.
162.世界500強(qiáng)企業(yè)中有160多家企業(yè)總部設(shè)在美國(guó),這160多家企業(yè)中有24家是全球前百名企業(yè)。
Morethan160oftheleading500enterprisesareheadquarteredinUS,24ofthe160enterprisesareinthetop100enterprises.
163.GDP計(jì)算的是在一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體地理區(qū)域內(nèi)所生產(chǎn)的所有實(shí)物產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)價(jià)值。
GDPmeasuresthemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicalareaofaneconomy.
164.國(guó)際商務(wù)的另一種重要形式是由一國(guó)居民向另一國(guó)提供資金,稱為國(guó)際投資。
Anotherimportantformofinternationalbusineissupplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoanother,knownasinternationalinvestment.
165.每一份保險(xiǎn)合同都需要有可保利益的支持,否則它就是無效的。
Everycontractofinsurancerequiresaninsurableinteresttosupportit,orotherwiseitisinvalid.
166.還盤可以針對(duì)發(fā)盤中的價(jià)格,付款條件,裝運(yùn)時(shí)間或其它條款提出。
Counter-offermaybemadeAinrelationtotheprice,termsofpayment,timeofshipmentorothertermsandconditionsoftheoffer.
167.《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》的目的在于為外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)中使用最普通的貿(mào)易術(shù)語提供一套國(guó)際解釋通則。ThepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.
168.國(guó)際商務(wù)比國(guó)內(nèi)商務(wù)涉及的因素更多,因而更復(fù)雜。
Internationalbusineinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticbusiness.
169.期權(quán)是一種合同,這種合同給予在特定時(shí)間內(nèi)以商定價(jià)格買進(jìn)或賣出某種證券的權(quán)利。
Optionsarecontractsgivingtherighttobuyandsellasecurityatanagreedpricewithinaparticularperiodoftime.
170.建立跨國(guó)企業(yè)的目的是獲取利潤(rùn),利潤(rùn)無疑是跨國(guó)企業(yè)股東們的基本要求。
MNEsareformedforprofit.ThereislittledoubtthattheprofitgoalrepresentsthebasicneedoftheMNEs’shareholders.
171.合同是在協(xié)議基礎(chǔ)上制定的,而協(xié)議是商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果。
Contractisbasedonagreement,whichTheistheresultofbusinenegotiations.
172.在知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)不力的國(guó)家,最好不要采用國(guó)際許可經(jīng)營(yíng)。
Itisnotadvisabletouselicensingincountrieswithweakintellectualpropertyprotection.
173.就出口商利益而言,即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利,而付款交單比承兌交單有利。
Sofarastheexporter’sinterestisconcerned,D/PatsightismorefavorablethanD/PismorefavorablethanD/A.
174.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約的可能。Boththeexporterandtheimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymaynotfulfillthecontract.
175.信用證是解決這些問題的辦法,旨在通過銀行信譽(yù)為國(guó)際支付提供便利。
Theletterofcreditisaneffectivemeanstosolvetheseproblems.Itsobjectiveistofacilitateinternationalpaymentbymeansofthecredit-worthineofthebank.
176.銀行只關(guān)心代表貨物的單據(jù),而不是所基于的合同。
Thebanksareonlyconcernedwiththedocumentsrepresentingthegoodsinsteadoftheunderlyingcontracts.
177.銀行對(duì)于貨物是否符合合同不承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。
BankshavenolegalobligationwhetherthegoodsThecomplywiththecontract.
178.合法運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人所有權(quán)形式有三種:1)公共承運(yùn)人;2)契約承運(yùn)人;3)自有承運(yùn)人。
Threetypesofcarrierownershiparelegalformsoftransportation:1)commoncarriers,2)contractcarriers,and3)privatecarriers.
179.貨物保險(xiǎn)是主要保險(xiǎn)的一種。這些保險(xiǎn)通常有火線、海上保險(xiǎn)和意外事故險(xiǎn)。
Cargoinsuranceisoneofthemainbranchesofinsurance.Theseareusuallylistedasfire,marine,lifeandaccident.
180.關(guān)于運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn),重要的一點(diǎn)是要認(rèn)識(shí)到“是為商業(yè)服務(wù)的”。
Theimportantpointtorealizeabouttransportationinsuranceisthatitis“thehandmaidenofcommerce”.