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專業(yè)英語句子

專業(yè)英語句子 | 樓主 | 2017-07-07 20:09:02 共有3個(gè)回復(fù)
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為了獲得良好的可再現(xiàn)性在以下實(shí)驗(yàn)中透明質(zhì)酸生產(chǎn)條件設(shè)定在,金屬就是通常具有良好導(dǎo)電性和導(dǎo)熱性的元素,它們的強(qiáng)度通?刹捎眉訌(qiáng)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來改善,分型線或分型面是分離上下型箱的線或面。

專業(yè)英語句子2017-07-07 20:08:36 | #1樓回目錄

一組:1.Ontheotherhand,themaximumtrehaloseaccumulationincreasedfromabout200to400mgoftrehalose/gofcellproteinupondecreasingthepHfrom7.0to4.7,byincreasingtheconcentrationofNaClto2%(w/v),orduringgrowthunderaerobicconditions(50%airsaturation,24μmO2,pH7.0)

在另外一方面,在PH從7.0降至4.7的的過程,提高NaCl的濃度到2%(w/v)或者在有氧條件下生長(zhǎng)(50%空氣飽和度,24μmO2,pH值7.0),海藻糖的最大積累量從200mg海藻糖/g細(xì)胞蛋白增加到了400mg海藻糖/g細(xì)胞蛋白。

2.Besides,thepreservingandstabilizingpropertiesoftrehaloseonbiologicalsystemssuchasproteins,viruses,membranes,andwholecells,trehalosealsoprotectscellsandcellproteinsfromdamagebyoxygenradicals,preventsproteinaggregation,andfacilitatesrefolding.

此外,海藻糖除了可以保護(hù)和穩(wěn)定生物系統(tǒng)中的蛋白質(zhì),病毒,生物膜和整個(gè)細(xì)胞外,也可以保護(hù)細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞蛋白免受氧化的破壞,并且可以防止蛋白質(zhì)的聚集和促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)正確折疊。

二組Thedifferentinjectionparameterswerecarefullyoptimisedandtheperformanceofthesystemwasmeasuredtoensurecompleteanalytetransferandgoodretentiontimereproducibility.對(duì)不同的注入?yún)?shù)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的優(yōu)化,以及對(duì)系統(tǒng)性能的測(cè)定,以確保分析物的完整轉(zhuǎn)移和良好的保留時(shí)間的重現(xiàn)性。

Theseanalyseswerecarriedoutbyusingtheinstrumentsandinjectionmethoddescribedintheliterature利用儀器和文章里描述的注射方法對(duì)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行了分析

三組1.Therefore,itmaybenecessarytokeeptheconcentrationsofvolatilecompoundsinthefinalproductbelowtheirtastethresholdssothattheydonotproducesalty,sweet,bitter,oracidflavors.

翻譯:因此有必要將最終產(chǎn)品中的揮發(fā)性化合物的濃度控制在低于味覺閾值之下,使得它們不產(chǎn)生咸、甜、苦或酸味。

2.Inmanycases,esterproductionwascloselyrelatedtotheproductionofhigher-alcoholprecursors,andthecontrolofhigher-alcoholproductionhasbeenregardedassignificant.

翻譯:在很多情形下,脂類的生成同高級(jí)醇前體的生成密切相關(guān),而控制高級(jí)醇的生成被認(rèn)為是相當(dāng)重要的。

四組1.Hencethemodelwasconsideredtobeaccurateenoughunderavarietyofconditionstocarryouttheparametricstudy.

因此,該模型在各種條件下進(jìn)行參數(shù)的研究被認(rèn)為是準(zhǔn)確的。

2.Acomparisonbetweenvariousmeasuredtemperaturesandpredictionsmadeusingthemeasuredtemperatureastheinitialsimulationtemperaturewasmade.各種測(cè)量溫度和預(yù)測(cè)之間的比較使得測(cè)量溫度作為初始模擬溫度。

五組未交

六組1.Thepercentagecontributionofthecopigmentationwithflavanolstothecolouroftheanthocyaninsolutionswasfoundtorangefrom2%to20%.→研究表明黃烷醇對(duì)花色苷溶液顏色的共色作用的貢獻(xiàn)率為2%-20%.

2.Measurementofthechangesintheanthocyaninhydrationconstant(Kh)wasalsousedtodeterminethestrengthofthecopigmentationprocess.

→花青素水合作用常數(shù)的變化

七組Therstandthesecondprincipalcomponentsaccountfor34and26%ofthe

totalvariance,respectively.

第一和第二主要物質(zhì)分別占總變化的34%和26%。

ThepolyphenolcontentwashighlypositivelycorrelatedtotheresponseofsensorC13andnegativelytothatofthesensorsC12andA12.

多元酚的含量和C13的傳感器的反應(yīng)呈正相關(guān),和C12、A12的反應(yīng)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。

八組Theseresultsuggestedthattheabilityofforminghydrogenbondwasdecreasedafterchemicalmodification.

這些結(jié)果表明,化學(xué)修飾后形成氫鍵的能力下降了。

Thisreviewalsosummarizedsomeoftherecentapplicationsofthesematerialsinvariousfieldssuchasadsorbingmetalions,biomedical,antimicrobialanddrugdelivery.

這篇文章也總結(jié)了這些材料在如吸附金屬離子,生物醫(yī)藥,抗菌,藥物傳輸各領(lǐng)域的一些當(dāng)今應(yīng)用。

九組Thereisanincreasinginterestofscientistsinsoybean,whichisfocussedonthecharacterisationofitscomponentsandtherelationshipbetweenitsconsumptionandbeneficialhealtheffectsinhumans.

科學(xué)家越來越關(guān)注大豆的組成成份的特性以及大豆的消費(fèi)量和人體有益健康功效的關(guān)系。Resultsonmonomericandpolymericconstituents,thatcharacterizethedietaryfibreofthesoybeanseeds,showedthemostsignificantdifferencesbetweengreenandyellowsoybeans,althoughthevariabilityfoundbetweendifferentcropscanbeinfluencedbythedifferentagriculturalpracticesandclimateconditions.

對(duì)大豆單體以及聚合物組分(描述了大豆種子中膳食纖維)的研究結(jié)果顯示出青豆和黃豆最顯著的不同,盡管在不同作物之間的變異性,會(huì)受到不同農(nóng)耕方法和氣候條件的影響。十組1、DrysoybeanhassignificantlythehighestSPDcontent(91–305mg·kg-1)amongallthetestedfoods;however,drymattercontentisseveraltimeshigherthaninotherprocessedandfreshfoods.

干大豆在所有檢測(cè)食品中有明顯最高的亞精胺含量(91-305mgkg-1);然而,它的固形物含量是其它加工和新鮮食品的數(shù)倍。

2、Dietarypolyamines,putrescine,spermidineandspermine,participateinmanybiochemicalprocesses,mainlyincellproliferationanddifferentiation.膳食中的多胺,腐胺,亞精胺和精胺,參與許多生化過程,主要是細(xì)胞增殖和分化。

十一組WithincreasingpH,thespecificgrowthrateandbiomayieldsdecreasedmarkedly.

隨著pH的增長(zhǎng),比生長(zhǎng)率和生物量明顯增加。

Toobtaingoodreproducibility,HAproductionconditionsweresetat35°Cinthefollowingexperiments.

為了獲得良好的可再現(xiàn)性,在以下實(shí)驗(yàn)中透明質(zhì)酸生產(chǎn)條件設(shè)定在35°C。

專業(yè)英語句子2017-07-07 20:06:17 | #2樓回目錄

句子

Unit1

1.Materialsmaybegroupedinseveralways.Scientistsoftenclassifymaterialsbytheirstate:solid,liquid,orgas.Theyalsoseparatethemintoorganic(onceliving)andinorganic(neverliving)materials.材料可以按多種方法分類?茖W(xué)家常根據(jù)狀態(tài)將材料分為:固體、液體或氣體。他們也把材料分為有機(jī)材料(曾經(jīng)有生命的)和無機(jī)材料(從未有生命的)。2.Metalsareelementsthatgenerallyhavegoodelectricalandthermalconductivity.Manymetalshavehighstrength,highstiffness,andhavegoodductility.金屬就是通常具有良好導(dǎo)電性和導(dǎo)熱性的元素。許多金屬具有高強(qiáng)度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。3.Somemetals,suchasiron,cobaltandnickel,aremagnetic.Atlowtemperatures,somemetalsandintermetalliccompoundsbecomesuperconductors.某些金屬能被磁化,例如鐵、鈷和鎳。在極低的溫度下,某些金屬和金屬化合物能轉(zhuǎn)變成超導(dǎo)體。4.Aceramicisoftenbroadlydefinedasanyinorganicnonmetallicmaterial.Bythisdefinition,ceramicmaterialswouldalsoincludeglasses;however,manymaterialsscientistsaddthestipulationthat“ceramic”mustalsobecrystalline.陶瓷通常被概括地定義為無機(jī)的非金屬材料。照此定義,陶瓷材料也應(yīng)包括玻璃;然而許多材料科學(xué)家添加了“陶瓷”必須同時(shí)是晶體物組成的約定。

5.Anexampleofparticle-reinforcedcompositesisanautomobiletirewhichhascarbonblackparticlesinamatrixofpolyisobutyleneelastomericpolymer.微粒加強(qiáng)型復(fù)合材料的一個(gè)例子是機(jī)動(dòng)車胎,它就是在聚異丁烯人造橡膠聚合物基材中加入了碳黑微粒。6.Apolymerhasarepeatingstructure,usuallybasedonacarbonbackbone.Therepeatingstructureresultsinlargechainlikemolecules.Polymersareusefulbecausetheyarelightweight,corrosionresistant,easytoproceatlowtemperaturesandgenerallyinexpensive.聚合物具有一般是基于碳鏈的重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)。這種重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生鏈狀大分子。由于重量輕、耐腐蝕、容易在較低溫度下加工并且通常較便宜,聚合物是很有用的。

7.Someimportantcharacteristicsofpolymersincludetheirsize(ormolecularweight),softeningandmeltingpoints,crystallinity,andstructure.Themechanicalpropertiesofpolymersgenerallyincludelowstrengthandhightoughness.Theirstrengthisoftenimprovedusingreinforcedcompositestructures.聚合材料具有一些重要特性,包括尺寸(或分子量)、軟化及熔化點(diǎn)、

結(jié)晶度和結(jié)構(gòu)。聚合材料的機(jī)械性能一般表現(xiàn)為低強(qiáng)度和高韌性。它們的強(qiáng)度通?刹捎眉訌(qiáng)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來改善。

Unit2

1.Itshouldberememberedthatthetransitionsthathavebeen

describedbythephasediagramsareforequilibriumconditions,whichcanbeapproximatedbyslowcooling.

應(yīng)該記住由狀態(tài)圖描述的這種轉(zhuǎn)化只適合于通過緩慢冷卻的近似平衡條件

2.Hardeningistheproceofheatingapieceofsteeltoatemperaturewithinoraboveitscriticalrangeandthencoolingitrapidly.淬火就是把鋼件加熱到或超過它的臨界溫度范圍,然后使其快速冷卻的過程。

3.Ifthecarboncontentofthesteelisknown,thepropertemperaturetowhichthesteelshouldbeheatedmaybeobtainedbyreferencetotheiron-ironcarbidephasediagram.

如果鋼的含碳量已知,鋼件合適的加熱溫度可參考鐵碳合金狀態(tài)圖得到。

4.Steelthathasbeenhardenedbyrapidquenchingisbrittleandnotsuitableformostuses.

快速淬火硬化的鋼是硬而易碎的,不適合大多數(shù)場(chǎng)合使用。5.Thisisusuallyaccomplishedbyheatingthesteeltooslightlyabovethecriticaltemperature,holdingitthereuntilthetemperatureofthepieceisuniformthroughout,andthencoolingataslowlycontrolledratesothatthetemperatureofthesurfaceandthatofthecenterofthepieceareapproximatelythesame.通常是非常緩慢地將鋼加熱到臨界溫度以上,并將其在此溫度下保持到工件全部均勻受熱,然后以受控的速率慢慢地冷卻,這樣使得工件表面和內(nèi)部的溫度近似相同。

Unit3

1.Castingisamanufacturingproceinwhichmoltenmetalispouredorinjectedandallowedtosolidifyinasuitablyshapedmoldcavity.Duringoraftercooling,thecastpartisremovedfromthemoldandthenprocessedfordelivery.

鑄造是一種將熔化的金屬倒入或注入合適的鑄模腔并且在其中固化的制造工藝。在冷卻期間或冷卻后,把鑄件從鑄模中取出,然后進(jìn)行交付。

2.Sandcastingisusedtomakelargeparts(typicallyiron,butalsobronze,brass,aluminum).Moltenmetalispouredintoamoldcavityformedoutofsand(naturalorsynthetic).砂型鑄造用于制造大型零件(具有代表性是鐵,除此之外還有青銅、黃銅和鋁)。將熔化的金屬倒入由型砂(天然的或人造的)做成鑄模腔。

3.Theprocessesofsandcastingarediscussedinthissection,includingpatterns,spruesandrunners,designconsiderations,andcastingallowance.本節(jié)討論砂型鑄造工藝,包括型模、澆注口、澆道、設(shè)計(jì)考慮因素及鑄造余量。2.Inatwo-partmold,whichistypicalofsandcastings,theupperhalf,includingthetophalfofthepattern,flask,andcoreiscalledcopeandthelowerhalfiscalleddrag,asshowninFig.3.1.Thepartinglineorthepartingsurfaceislineorsurfacethatseparatesthecopeanddrag.在典型砂型鑄造的兩箱鑄模中,上半部分(包括型模頂半部、砂箱和砂芯)稱為上型箱,下半部分稱為下型箱,見圖3.1所示。分型線或分型面是分離上下型箱的線或面。

3.thedragisfirstfilledpartiallywithsand,andthecoreprint,thecores,andthegatingsystemareplacednearthepartingline.

首先往下型箱里部分地填入型砂和砂芯座、砂芯,并在靠近分型線處放置澆注系統(tǒng)。

4.Themoltenmaterialispouredintothepouringcup,whichispartofthegatingsystemthatsuppliesthemoltenmaterialtothemoldcavity.熔化的金屬?gòu)臐沧⒈⑷胄颓,澆注杯是澆注系統(tǒng)向型腔提供熔化金屬的部分。5.Theverticalpartofthegatingsystemconnectedtothepouringcupisthesprue,andthehorizontalportioniscalledtherunnersandfinallytothemultiplepointswhereitisintroducedtothemoldcavitycalledthegates.將澆注系統(tǒng)的垂直部分與澆注杯連接的是澆注口,澆注系統(tǒng)的水平部分稱為澆道,最后到多點(diǎn)把熔化金屬導(dǎo)入型腔的稱為閘道。6.Additionallythereareextensionstothegatingsystemcalledventsthatprovidethepathforthebuilt-upgasesandthedisplacedairtoventtotheatmosphere.除此之外,還有稱為排放口的澆注系統(tǒng)延長(zhǎng)段,它為合成氣體和置換空氣排放到大氣提供通道。7.Itcanbeusedtomakepartsthatcannotbeproducedbynormalmanufacturingtechniques,suchasturbinebladesthathavecomplexshapes,orairplanepartsthathavetowithstandhightemperatures.它還能用于生產(chǎn)一般制造技術(shù)無法生產(chǎn)的零件,例如有復(fù)雜形狀的渦輪葉片或必須耐得住高溫的飛機(jī)零件。

8.Attentionmustbepaidtomoldpermeabilitywhenusingpressure,toallowtheairtoescapeasthepourisdone.當(dāng)使用壓力時(shí)必須注意滲透性,以便在澆鑄的同時(shí)讓空氣逸出。

Unit4

1.Forgingistheprocebywhichmetalisheatedandisshapedbyplasticdeformationbysuitablyapplyingcompressiveforce.

在鍛造過程中先將金屬加熱,然后施加合適的壓力使其塑性變形。

2.Oneofthebasicoperationsofhammerforgingistheelongationofapieceofmetalbystretchingwithhammerblows,causingittobecomethinnerandlonger.

錘鍛的基本操作之一就是通過錘擊使金屬伸長(zhǎng),促成其變細(xì)變長(zhǎng)。

Unit5

1.Powdermetallurgy(Fig.5.1)usessinteringproceformakingvariouspartsoutofmetalpowder.Themetalpowderiscompactedbyplacinginaclosedmetalcavity(thedie)underpressure.粉末冶金(圖5.1)采用燒結(jié)工藝將金屬粉末制成各種各樣的零件。金屬粉末放在封閉的金屬腔(模具)中在壓力下被壓實(shí)。

2.Metalpowdersarecontainedinanenclosuree.g.arubbermembraneorametalliccanthatissubjectedtoisostatic,whichisuniforminalldirections,externalpressure.Asthepressureisisostatictheas-pressedcomponentisofuniformdensity.冷均衡擠壓。金屬粉末裝入均衡受壓的橡膠膜或金屬罐內(nèi),其所受外壓力在各個(gè)方向都是均勻的。由于壓力是均衡的,所以壓制零件密度是均勻的。

3.Irregularlyshapedpowderparticlesmustbeusedtoprovideadequategreenstrengthintheas-pressedcomponent.Thiswillthenbesinteredinasuitableatmospheretoyieldtherequiredproduct.必須采用不規(guī)則形狀粉末微粒為壓制零件提供足夠的未加工強(qiáng)度。然后放入合適的環(huán)境中燒結(jié)成所需產(chǎn)品。

4.Normallythistechniqueisonlyusedforsemi-fabricatedproductssuchasbars,billets,sheet,androughlyshapedcomponents,allofwhichrequireconsiderablesecondaryoperationstoproducethefinal,accuratelydimensionedcomponent.通常這種技術(shù)只用于制作諸如棒料、坯段、薄板及粗糙成型零件之類的半成品,所有這些都需要大量進(jìn)一步加工才能生產(chǎn)出最終尺寸精確的零件。5.Again,ateconomicalworkingpressures,productsarenotfullydenseandusuallyneedadditionalworkingsuchashotextrusion,hotrollingorforgingtofullydensitythematerial.此外使用經(jīng)濟(jì)工作壓力的產(chǎn)品不是充分致密的,一般需要增加諸如熱擠壓、熱軋或鍛之類的額外工序來使材料達(dá)到全密度。

6.Therateofdensificationofthepowderdependsupontheyieldstrengthofthepowderatthetemperaturesandpressureschosen.Atmoderatetemperaturetheyieldstrengthofthepowdercanstillbehighandrequirehighpressuretoproducedensificationinaneconomictime.粉末致密率取決于該粉末在選定溫度和壓力下的屈服強(qiáng)度。中等溫度下粉末的屈服強(qiáng)度仍然較高,因此需要較高壓力使其在經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)間內(nèi)致密化。7.Typicalvaluesmightbe1120℃ http://www.zzlgroo.com ingaglaenclosureatmosphericpressure(15psi)isusedtoconsolidatebarsandlargerbillets.對(duì)鐵合金典型的數(shù)值為1120℃和100MPa。由于很高溫度下材料的屈服強(qiáng)度較低,因此只需較低壓力就能擠壓。采用玻璃容器時(shí)可用大氣壓力(15psi)合成棒料和較大坯段。

Unit71.Theimportanceofmachiningprocessescanbeemphasisedbythefactthateveryproductweuseinourdailylifehasundergonethis

proceeitherdirectlyorindirectly.

機(jī)加工過程的重要性可通過日常生活使用的每件產(chǎn)品都直接或間接經(jīng)歷這一過程的事實(shí)來強(qiáng)調(diào)。

2.Rakeangle.Itistheanglebetweenthefaceofthetoolcalledtherakefaceandthenormaltothemachiningdirection.Highertherakeangle,betteristhecuttingandlearethecuttingforces,increasingtherakeanglereducesthemetalbackupavailableatthetoolrakeface.前角:它是被稱為前傾面的刀具面與垂直機(jī)加工方向的夾角。前角越大,則切削越好且切削力越小,增加前角可以減少刀具前傾面上產(chǎn)生的金屬阻塞。

3.Thisreducesthestrengthofthetooltipaswellastheheatdissipationthroughthetool.Thus,thereisamaximumlimittotherakeangleandthisisgenerallyoftheorderof15°forhighspeedsteeltoolscuttingmildsteel.Itispossibletohaverakeanglesatzeroornegative.但這會(huì)和減少通過刀具散發(fā)的熱量一樣減少刀尖強(qiáng)度。因此前角有一最大限制,用高速鋼刀具切削低碳鋼通常為15°。前角取零度或負(fù)值也是可能的。

4.Machiningoperationsareutilizedinviewofthebettersurfacefinishthatcouldbeachievedbyitcomparedtoothermanufacturingoperations.

由于機(jī)加工能獲得比其它制造作業(yè)更好的表面光潔度,所以機(jī)加工作業(yè)具有實(shí)用價(jià)值。

Unit8

1.Grindingisamanufacturingprocethatinvolvestheremovalofmetalbyemployingarotatingabrasivewheel.

磨削是通過采用旋轉(zhuǎn)磨輪去除金屬的制造工藝。

2.Generally,grindingisconsideredtobeafinishingprocethatisusuallyusedforobtaininghigh-dimensionalaccuracyandbettersurfacefinish.

一般而言,磨削被認(rèn)為是一種通常用于獲得高尺寸精度和較好表面光潔度的精加工作業(yè)。

Unit111.Alatheisamachinetoolusedprimarilyforproducingsurfacesofrevolutionandflatedges.車床是主要用于生成旋轉(zhuǎn)表面和平整邊緣的機(jī)床。

Unit12

http://www.zzlgroo.com lingisamachiningprocethatiscarriedoutbymeansofamultiedgerotatingtoolknownasamillingcutter.銑削是采用被稱為銑刀的多刃旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具完成的機(jī)加工作業(yè)。

2.Drillingoperationscanbecarriedoutbyusingeitherhanddrillsordrillingmachines.

鉆削作業(yè)既能采用手鉆也能采用鉆床來實(shí)現(xiàn)。

第二部分

Unit1

Unit2

Unit3

1.AprogramfornumericalcontrolconsistsofasequenceofdirectionsthatcausesanNCmachinetocarryoutacertainoperation,machiningbeingthemostcommonlyusedprocess.

數(shù)控編程由一系列方向構(gòu)成,這些方向?qū)е聰?shù)控車床執(zhí)行某種操作,加工是最常用的進(jìn)程。

2.Manualpartprogrammingconsistsfirstofcalculatingthe

dimensionalrelationshipsofthetool,workpiece,andworktable,basedontheengineeringdrawingsofthepart,andmanufacturingoperationstobeperformedandtheirsequence

手工編程包括根據(jù)部分工程圖紙首先算出刀具,工件以及工作臺(tái)的尺寸關(guān)系,繼而決定執(zhí)行的操作和工序.

3.Manualprogrammingcanbedonebysomeonewhois

knowledgeableabouttheparticularmanufacturingproceandisabletounderstand,read,andchangepartprograms

手工編程可以由那些具有特定制造工藝知識(shí)和能夠理解,閱讀以及更改部分程序的人來完成.

http://www.zzlgroo.com puter-aidedpartprogramminginvolvesspecialsymbolicprogramminglanguagesthatdeterminethecoordinatepointsofcorners,edges,andsurfacesofthepart計(jì)算機(jī)輔助編程是一種涉及到特殊符號(hào)的編程語言,這種語言可以決定角點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo),刀口以及工件的表面.

Unit41.Itwasnotedthateachmachine,regardleofhowhighlyitisautomated,isdesignedtoperformbasicallyonetypeofoperation.Ithasalsoshownthat,inmanufacturing,mostpartsrequireanumberofdifferentmachiningoperationsontheirvarioussurfaces.需要注意的是每臺(tái)機(jī)器他的自動(dòng)化程度有多高,都要設(shè)計(jì)一種基本的加工樣式就像所展示的那樣,在制造過程中不同的表面是用不同的加工方法加工的,

2.Universalmachiningcentersareequippedwithbothverticalandhorizontalspindles.萬能加工中心同時(shí)裝備了垂直主軸和水平主軸的機(jī)器.

Unit5

1.Industrialrobotsarerelativelynewelectromechanicaldevicesthatarebeginningtochangetheappearanceofmodernindustry

工業(yè)機(jī)器人是相對(duì)來說較新的機(jī)電設(shè)備,它已經(jīng)開始改變現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的面貌。

Unit6

1.Grouptechnologyisamanufacturingphilosophythatinvolves

identifyingandgroupingcomponentshavingsimilarorrelatedattributesinordertotakeadvantageoftheirsimilaritiesinthedesignand/ormanufacturingphasesoftheproductioncycle.

(成組技術(shù)是一個(gè)制造業(yè)的哲學(xué)概念,它涉及到具有相似或相關(guān)屬性零件的標(biāo)識(shí)和分組,這樣我們可利用產(chǎn)品的相似性這種特點(diǎn),把這種技術(shù)應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)制造過程中)

Unit7

http://www.zzlgroo.com

CAD/CAM這個(gè)詞條的意思是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造。

Unit9

http://www.zzlgroo.com puter-integratedmanufacturingor(CIM)isthetermusedtodescribethemostmodernap-proachtomanufacturing.

計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造(或CIM)是用來描述最現(xiàn)代化的一種制造方法的詞匯

專業(yè)英語句子2017-07-07 20:07:14 | #3樓回目錄

一、TheBasicMachines(機(jī)械基礎(chǔ))

1.LeverswereprobablyusedtoraisethehugeblocksofstonefromwhichStone-hengewasconstructed.Perhapsthestoneswereraisedbyusingtreetrunksasleversuntilthestonestoppledintoplace.(杠桿很可能用來撬起巨大石塊,用這些巨大石塊建造了英格蘭史前時(shí)代的環(huán)形建筑。當(dāng)時(shí)也許是利用樹干作為杠桿把石頭撬起,知道預(yù)定的位置。)

2.Likethelever,thewheelgoesbacktoprehistorictimeswhensomeoneprobablydiscoveredthatitwaseasiertomoveheavyweightsbyslidingthemonlogsthanbycarryingthem.(像杠桿一樣,輪軸也可追溯到史前時(shí)代,或許那時(shí)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)將重物放在圓木上滾動(dòng)要比扛運(yùn)容易。)

3.TheinclinedplaneisanimportantfactorthatconcernscivilengineerswhendesigninghighwaysorrailroadsThemechanicalengineermorefrequentlyusesthescrew,aspiralformoftheinclinedplane.(斜面是土木工程師在設(shè)計(jì)公路或鐵路時(shí)要注意的一個(gè)重要因素。機(jī)械工程師經(jīng)常使用螺桿,即斜面的螺旋形式。)

4.Modernmachinesandtheircomponentshavebecomesocomplexthatabranchofthescienceofmechanicscalledkinematicsevolvedinordertostudymechanismsandtheiractions.Regardleoftheoriginalinputandfinaloutputofmostmodernmachines,itistheirmechanismsthatgivethemtheirgreatversatilityandflexibility.(現(xiàn)代機(jī)器及其零件已經(jīng)變得相當(dāng)復(fù)雜,為了研究這些機(jī)構(gòu)及其動(dòng)作,稱為動(dòng)力學(xué)的這一力學(xué)分支便形成了。不管現(xiàn)代機(jī)器的原始輸入和最后輸出是多少,正是機(jī)器的各種機(jī)構(gòu)使機(jī)器具有更大的適應(yīng)性和靈活性。)

5.Camcomesinmanydifferentshapes-thereareheart-shapedcams,clover-leafedcams,ellipticalcamsandothers.Bymeansofthesedifferentshapescamscanchangerotatingintoreciprocating(backandforthorupanddown)motionorintooscillatingorvibratingmotion.(凸輪有許多不同的形狀:有心型凸輪,三星凸輪,橢圓形圖論等等。借助于這些不同的形狀,凸輪可把旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)變成往復(fù)式運(yùn)動(dòng)(來回運(yùn)動(dòng)或上下運(yùn)動(dòng)),還可變成擺動(dòng)或振動(dòng)。)

二、MachinesandWorks(機(jī)械和功)

1.Amachinecanbeverysimple,likeablockandtackletoraiseaheavyweight,orverycomplex,likearailroadlocomotiveorthemechanicalsystemsusedforindustrialprocesses.(一個(gè)機(jī)器可以很簡(jiǎn)單,比如用來提升重物的滑輪組;也可以很復(fù)雜,比如火車頭或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)。)

2.Windmillsandwaterwheelsareprimemovers;soarethegreatturbinesdrivenbywaterorsteamthatturnthegeneratorsthatproduceelectricity;andsoareinternalcombustionenginesthatusepetroleumproductsasfuel.(風(fēng)車和水輪都是原動(dòng)機(jī),由水或者蒸汽驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)產(chǎn)生電能的大型渦輪機(jī)是原動(dòng)機(jī),利用石油產(chǎn)品作為燃料的內(nèi)燃發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)也是原動(dòng)機(jī)。)

3.Forceisaneffortthatresultsinmotionorphysicalchange.Ifyouuseyourmusclestoliftaboxyouareexertingforceonthatbox.Thewaterwhichstrikesthebladesofaturbineisexertingforceonthoseblades,therebysettingthemintomotion.(力是一種改變物體運(yùn)動(dòng)或物理狀態(tài)的作用。如果你動(dòng)用肌肉來舉起箱子,那么你就施加了力在箱子上。撞擊渦輪葉片的水流是在這些葉片上施加了力才使他們能夠運(yùn)動(dòng)。)

4.Torqueisthekindofeffortthatyouexerttoopenatwist-offlidonajar.Inmanymachinestheproblemistochangeonekindofmotiontoanother.Inacarforexample,thelinearmotionofthepistonsmustbeconvertedintorotarymotiontomakethewheelsturn.(大多數(shù)機(jī)器要解決的問題是改變運(yùn)動(dòng)從一種形式到另外一種形式。比如,在汽車中,活塞的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)必須轉(zhuǎn)變成能使車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。)

5.Powerisanothertermusedinaspecialtechnicalsenseinspeakingofmachines.Itistherateorspeedatwhichworkisperformed.(功率是一個(gè)從另外學(xué)術(shù)意義上用來描述機(jī)器的術(shù)語。它是一種比率或者做功的速度。)

6.Thekilowatt,amorewidelyusedterm,equalsathousandwattsorapproximately1.33horsepowerintheEnglishsystem.TheNewtonisaunitequaltotheforcenecessarytoaccelerateonekilogramonemeterpersecond.(千瓦是使用比較廣泛的功率單位,在英制單位系統(tǒng)中等于1000瓦或者1.33馬力。牛頓是力的單位,相當(dāng)于使1公斤的重物產(chǎn)生每秒1米加速度的作用。)

三、InternalCombustionEngines(內(nèi)燃機(jī))

1.Itwasnotuntilthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcenturythatthedevelopmentofpetroleumproductsmadepossibletoday’sinternalcombustionengine.(直到19世紀(jì)的后半葉,石油產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展才使得今天的內(nèi)燃機(jī)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。)

2.Keroseneforlampsandstoveswastheproductfirstsoughtfrompetroleumwhilegasolineseemednothingmorethanadangerousby-product.(用于照明燈和鍋爐的的沒油是從石油中獲得的主產(chǎn)品,而汽油僅僅是一種危險(xiǎn)的副產(chǎn)品。)

3.Itutilizedacycleinwhichthecombustiblemixtureisdrawnintothecylinderofaninternalcombustionengineonasuctionstroke,iscompressedandignitedbyasparkplugonacompressionstroke,burnsandperformsonanexpansionstroke,expelscombustionproductsonanexhauststroke.(它利用一個(gè)將可燃混合氣吸入內(nèi)燃機(jī)氣缸,進(jìn)行壓縮并用電火花塞在壓縮行程中點(diǎn)燃,在膨脹行程中轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)即做功,在排氣行程中排除燃燒廢氣的完整循環(huán)做功。)

4.Otherproblemssolvedtoachievetheefficiencyofmodemautomobilesincludeignitionsystemsthatcausecombustionseveralhundredtimesaminuteandcoolingsystemsforcylindersrapidlyheatedbythiscombustion.(為了提高了現(xiàn)代汽車效率所解決的其他問題包括每分鐘內(nèi)產(chǎn)生數(shù)百次燃燒的點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)和冷卻被燃燒迅速加熱的氣缸的冷卻系統(tǒng)。)

四、DieslEngines(柴油機(jī))

1.Inthiscycletheradioofcompressionoftheairchargeissufficientlyhightoignitethefuelsubsequentlyinjectedintothecombustionchamber.(在該熱力循環(huán)中,吸入空氣的壓縮比要高到足以能點(diǎn)燃隨后噴入燃燒室的燃料)

2.Adaptationoftheinjectionprincipletohigherspeedssuchas1000-2000rpmhasnecessitateddeparturefromtheconstantpressurespecificationbecausethetimeavailableforfuelinjectionissoshort(milliseconds).(要使這個(gè)噴射原理適應(yīng)高速(如1000-2000轉(zhuǎn)/分)柴油機(jī),而這種柴油機(jī)用于燃料噴射的時(shí)間卻是如此之短(千分之幾秒),就要在噴射時(shí)不考慮恒壓的技術(shù)要求。)

3.Withtwo-cycleconstructionsscavengingairisdeliveredbycrankcasecompression,frontendcompression,orseparaterotary,reciprocatingorcentrifugalblowers.(二沖程發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的換氣是靠曲軸箱內(nèi)的壓力和其前端的壓力或考獨(dú)立工作的旋轉(zhuǎn)增壓器、往復(fù)增壓器,或離心式增壓器供給的。)

4.Thecylindermaybewithoutvalvesandwithcompletecontrolofadmissionofscavengingairandreleaseofspentgasesinatwo-portcombustion,thepistoncoveringanduncoveringtheports.Thecylindermayalsohaveasinglepart(foradmissionorrelease)uncoveredbythemainpistonattheouterendofitsstrokeandconventionalcam-operatedvalvesinthecylinderheat.(發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸可不設(shè)閥門,而用完善的進(jìn)排氣雙氣孔控制機(jī)構(gòu),即用活塞開閉氣道,對(duì)所換氣體的進(jìn)入及廢氣的排出進(jìn)行控制。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸也可在氣缸蓋上設(shè)一普通凸輪控制閥及一單用氣孔(吸氣孔或排氣孔),當(dāng)主活塞到達(dá)其行程外端時(shí),此孔被打開。)

5.Cylinderheadsbecomecomplicatedstructuresbecauseofvalveporting,jacketingandspray-valvelocationsandtheaccommodationofthesetoeffectivecombustion,heattransferaninternalburstingpressures.

由于要考慮閥口、閥套及噴射閥內(nèi)的安裝并使其能適應(yīng)高效的燃燒、熱傳導(dǎo)及缸內(nèi)爆壓力,因此氣缸蓋變成很復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)。

五Distributors分電器

1.Thesparkmustcomeatthecorrectstageinthecylinderandvalveoperation(thatis,thetimingshouldberight),andtheorderinwhichthepulsesaredistributedtothesparkplugsshouldberight.Thedevicewhichregulatesallthisisthedistributor.

(電火花必須射到氣缸的準(zhǔn)確位置,并且必須在閥運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的正確時(shí)刻產(chǎn)生(也就是定時(shí)要準(zhǔn)確)。而高壓脈沖傳給電火花塞的順序必須準(zhǔn)確。調(diào)節(jié)上述過程的這種裝置就是分電器。)

2.Thisconnectionthereforemechanicallylocksthemovementofcentraldrivespindleinthebodyofthedistributoraroundthisspindle.(因此,改機(jī)械連接就是分電器中的中央驅(qū)動(dòng)軸的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)同步。這樣,繞著該中央驅(qū)動(dòng)軸,旋轉(zhuǎn)一下分電器機(jī)殼,就可以是定時(shí)改變。)

3.Thecentralcontactisprovidedbyaspringloadedcarbonrodwhichcanbothcarryhighmountedonabakelitecaptoinsulatefromthedrivespindle.(主接觸點(diǎn)由一裝有碳棒的彈簧組成,碳棒可耐高壓脈沖,又可以使其與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)臂以低摩擦力相接觸,轉(zhuǎn)臂裝有一黃銅片,此黃銅片又裝在一絕緣蓋上,以使轉(zhuǎn)臂與分電器驅(qū)動(dòng)軸之間相互絕緣)

4.Thiscanbealteredcoarselybytwistingthedistributorbodyaroundthedrivespindle,andmorepreciselybyascrewthreadwhichdosethesamejoboncetheapproximatepositionhasbeenset.(可繞分電器驅(qū)動(dòng)軸扭轉(zhuǎn)分電器機(jī)體進(jìn)行粗調(diào),一旦大致的位置確定后,可通過螺紋進(jìn)行微調(diào),而同樣器調(diào)節(jié)作用。)

5.Anautomaticadvancemechanismisusuallyprovided,usingthevacuumwhichoccursintheinletmanifoldofthecarburetorastheacceleratorispresseddownandmoreairissuckedin.(該機(jī)構(gòu)是利用在化油器的進(jìn)氣岐管中產(chǎn)生的真空而作用的。真空是在加速器被踩下,更多的空氣被吸入時(shí)產(chǎn)生的。)

六、Clutches(離合器)

1.Electromagnetic,dryfrictionplate,multi-oilimmersedplate,centrifugalandvanearejustsomeofthevarioustypesofclutchavailable.(常用的一些離合器的種類有電磁式,干摩擦式,多片油侵式,離心式和葉片式。)

2.Onaspring-loadclutchtheoperator,bycontrollingtherateatwhichthespringpressureisappliedtotheclutch,canregulatethespeedofclutchengagementandthetorqueappliedtothedrivenshaft.(利用彈簧加壓的離合器,操作人員可以通過控制加到離合器上的彈簧壓力來快遞調(diào)節(jié)離合器的接合速度和加到從動(dòng)軸上的扭矩。)

3.Therepropertiesaredifficultiestoobtaininasinglematerialandforthisreason,oneofeachpairofmatingsurfacesisusuallymetallic,whiletheotheriseitherleather,cork,oranasbestosbasedfacingrivetedtometalplate.(單用一種材料很難獲得這些性能。因此,每一對(duì)配合面中,通常有一個(gè)是金屬的,而另一個(gè)面或是用皮革,軟木,或是以石棉為主的襯片鉚到金屬板上。)

4.Theclutchcoverconsistsofapressedsteelcasingwhicrovidethhousesapressureplatebackedupbyseveralcoilspringsoradiaphragmspring,whichpheforcetopretheplatehardupagainsttheflywheel.(離合器外殼是壓制成的鋼板殼,此鋼殼內(nèi)裝有壓板,壓板上有幾個(gè)螺旋彈簧或者一種膜片彈簧所支撐,彈簧的壓片將壓力緊緊地壓在飛輪上。)

5.Astheflywheelrotatesfasteraroundtheinner-output-vanes,theoilsetsupaturbulencewhichmakestheinnerwheelrotate.Thisactionnowprovidesdrivefromtheflywheeltothegearboxthroughtheoil.(當(dāng)飛輪帶動(dòng)內(nèi)輸出片迅速旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),油就被擾動(dòng),并帶動(dòng)內(nèi)輪傳動(dòng)。這一動(dòng)作是通過油將飛輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)傳給變速器。)

6.Whenamagneticfieldisincludedacrothegapbyadirect-currentcontrolcoil,theironparticlesformchainsacrothegapandtransmitatorquethatdependsonthestrengthofthefield..(當(dāng)直流控制線圈越過間隙感應(yīng)一磁場(chǎng)時(shí),鐵粉越過間隙形成許多的鏈,并傳遞扭矩,而扭矩的大小取決于磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度。)

七、AutomobileTransmissions(車輛傳動(dòng))

1.Thetransmissionalsoallowsamotorvehicletobackup—gasolineanddieselenginescanruninonlyonedirection,butthetransmissioncanreversethedirectionoftheforce.(傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)也能夠使機(jī)動(dòng)車輛后退——雖然汽油或者柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)只能夠按一個(gè)方向旋轉(zhuǎn),但是傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以改變力矩的方向。)

2.Settinganautomobileinmotionrequiresalargeamountofpowertoovercometheinertiaofthevehicle’sweight.Thisprocerequireshighenginespeed,neededforhighpower,andagradualincreaseinavehicle’sspeedtoavoidajerkystart.(起動(dòng)汽車需要大功率以克服車輛本身的慣性。起動(dòng)過程要求發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速高,即大功率所必需的轉(zhuǎn)速,同時(shí)還要求汽車逐步加速,以免造成顛簸起動(dòng)。)

3.Transmissionthataretobeshiftedwiththevehicleinmotionincorporatesynchromeshunitstopreventgearsfromclashingastheyaremeshed.Thesynchromeshunitsynchronizesthespeedofthegearssothattheyrevolveatthesamespeedastheyslideintoengagement.(那些使汽車在進(jìn)行中可變速的傳動(dòng)系都裝有同步齒輪變速機(jī)構(gòu),以防止齒輪嚙合時(shí)碰撞。同步齒輪變速機(jī)構(gòu)使齒輪速度同步,這樣,在這些齒輪進(jìn)入嚙合時(shí),能同速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。)

4.Theautomatictransmissionmakesiteasiertodriveacar,butitisleefficientthanamanuallyshiftedunitandincreasegasolineconsumption.Forthisreason,theautomatictransmissionisnotascommoninEurope,whereeconomyofoperationisaprimesalesfactor.(使用自動(dòng)換擋裝置使駕車更加容易,然而,它沒有手動(dòng)變速效率高,而且汽油耗量增大。因此自動(dòng)變速機(jī)構(gòu)在歐洲用的并不普遍,因?yàn)樵谀抢锝?jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠是汽車銷售的首要因素。)

5.Thefirstconsistsofastandardmechanicaltransmissionandclutchwhichisautomaticallyshiftedbypneumatic,hydraulicorelectricpowerunits.Thesecondtypeusesahydraulictorqueconverterplusaplanetarygearsystemtoincreaseenginetorque.Thethirdsystemcombinesahydrauliccouplingwithanautomaticallyshiftedmechanicalgearboxtoprovidetorqueamplification.Thefourthtypeusesoneormorestageofhydraulictorqueconversiontoprovidetorquemultiplication.(第一種是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置及靠氣動(dòng)力、液力或電力裝置自動(dòng)換擋的離合器。第二種是液力變矩器加行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu),以增加發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的扭矩。第三種是把液力聯(lián)軸器與自動(dòng)換擋機(jī)械齒輪箱結(jié)合在一起以增大扭矩。第四種是用一級(jí)或多級(jí)的液力變矩器以增大扭矩。)

八、Differentials(差速器)

1Formaximumtraction,afourwheeldrivevehiclehasbeendesignedwiththreedifferentials,separatingthefrontwheels,therearwheelsandthefrontfromtherear,allowingeachwheeltoitsownspeedunderpower.(為得到最大的牽引力,四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)車已設(shè)計(jì)成裝有三套差速器,分別裝在兩個(gè)前輪間、兩個(gè)后輪間及后輪和前輪間,容許每個(gè)輪在動(dòng)力作用下以各自的速度轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。)

2.Apiniongear,whichissplinedintotheendofthedriveshaft,turnsabeveledcrowngearwhichisfastenedontotheendofonetheaxles.Anassemblyoffoursmallbeveledgear(twopinionsandtwostargears)isboltedtothecrowngearandturnswithit.(小傘齒輪與主傳動(dòng)軸承末端以花鍵相連接,并帶動(dòng)固定在一后軸軸端的兩個(gè)冠形大傘齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。用螺栓連接將4個(gè)小傘齒輪(兩個(gè)小齒輪和兩個(gè)行星齒輪)與冠形大齒輪裝配在一起,并隨大傘齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。)

3.Theassemblydrivebothaxlesatthesamespeedwhenthevehicleisbeingdriveninastraightline,butallowstheaxleoppositethecrowngeartoturnslowerorfaster,asrequired.(傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)一同速驅(qū)動(dòng)兩后軸時(shí),汽車便直線行駛。但是,當(dāng)需要時(shí),大傘齒輪對(duì)面的那一后軸可慢轉(zhuǎn)或快轉(zhuǎn)。)

4.Thegearratio(ratioofthenumberofteethononegeartothenumberofteethontheother)betweenthecrowngearandthepiniongearisoneofthefactorsthatdeterminetheperformancecharacteristicsofthecar,suchasaccelerationantopspeed.傘齒輪與游星齒輪之間的傳動(dòng)比(一齒輪齒數(shù)與另一齒輪齒數(shù)之比)是決定汽車使用性能,如加速度和最高行駛速度的因素之一。

5.Todaythepinionandcrowngearsarehelicalgears,whichmeansthatthetoothedsurfacesarebeveledandtheareteeththemselvesarecurved,thisdesigneliminatesplaybetweentheteeth,becauseasthegearsspintogetheronetoothisinfullcontactbeforetheprevioustoothleaves.(當(dāng)今的大小傘齒輪都是螺旋齒,即齒輪齒面為錐面,輪齒本身為曲線形。這種齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)形式消除了齒輪間隙,因?yàn)樵诖笮↓X輪同時(shí)旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),其任一齒在其一齒離開之前是出于完全接觸狀態(tài)的。)

6.Inordertoproduceaparticularlyquietdifferential,thepinionandcrowngearsarelappedtogetherinalappingmachinewhichduplicatetheoperatingconditionsofthecompletedifferential。(為生產(chǎn)無噪聲的差速器,就要將大,小傘齒輪一起放進(jìn)研磨機(jī)中按照成品差速器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)條件進(jìn)行精研,反復(fù)進(jìn)行研磨。)

九、PowerSteering(動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置)

1.Tomakecarseasiertosteer,thegearratiointhesteeringboxattheendofthesteeringcolumnwaschangedsothatturningthewheelrequiredletorque,butthisincreasedthenumberofturnsofthesteeringwheelrequiredonmoderncarswithoutpowersteeringcomparedto2.5or3turnsforcarsbuiltbefore1940.(為使汽車容易轉(zhuǎn)向,改變了轉(zhuǎn)向柱末端轉(zhuǎn)向器的傳動(dòng)比,結(jié)果只需較小的扭矩轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向盤。然而,這與1940年以前制造的汽車需要兩周半或三周的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)相比,現(xiàn)代無動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的汽車轉(zhuǎn)向盤所需的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)增加了。)

2.TheCadillacdivisionofGeneralMotorswasgoingtoofferpowersteeringasoptionalequipmentonsomemodelsintheearly1930s,butthedepressioninterferedwithdevelopment.(20世紀(jì)30年代初期,美國(guó)通用汽車公司卡迪萊克汽車分部打算提供動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置作為某些型號(hào)汽車的備選裝置,但是經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條妨礙了其發(fā)展。)

3.Thusifthehydraulicsfailthecarcanstillbesteered,thoughwithgreatereffort,andatalltimesthefeelofroadismechanicallytransmittedfromthefrontwheelstothehandsofthedriveronthesteeringwheel,anessentialelementofsafedriving.(這樣如果液壓系統(tǒng)一旦失靈,盡管駕駛員要費(fèi)些力,汽車仍可開動(dòng)。而且對(duì)路面的感覺始終可由汽車前輪機(jī)械地傳到駕駛員握著轉(zhuǎn)向盤的雙手。而這是能安全駕駛的一個(gè)重要因素)

4.Hydrostaticsystems,designedforoff-the-roadvehicles,areexceptionstosomeofthis,becausetheydispensewiththesteeringcolumnandthesteeringbox,andthesteeringwheelandthesteeredwheelsareconnectedonlybyhydraulictubesorhoses.(為不在公路上行駛的一些運(yùn)輸車輛設(shè)計(jì)的液壓系統(tǒng)與這種液壓系統(tǒng)有所不同,因?yàn)檫@種液壓系統(tǒng)不用轉(zhuǎn)向柱和轉(zhuǎn)向箱,而轉(zhuǎn)向盤與轉(zhuǎn)向車輪只用液壓油或液壓軟管連接。)

5.Therearebasicallytwotypesofpowersteeringsystems:thosewhichhavethecontrolvalvelocatedwithinthesteeringbox,inwhichcaseitisusuallyarotaryvalve,andthoseinwhichthevalveisintegralwiththeactuator,whenitisanaxialspoolvalve.(動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu),有兩種基本類型:一種是在轉(zhuǎn)向器內(nèi)安裝有控制閥,這里的控制閥通常是一種螺旋閥,另一種是當(dāng)控制閥用作軸向柱塞閥時(shí),該閥門與傳動(dòng)裝置構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體。)

十、Brakes(制動(dòng)器)

1.Brakingisanenergy-wastingproce.Forexample,whenabrakeshoeispressedagainstarotatingwheel,frictionservestoconvertthemechanicalenergyofmovingwheelintoheat,Theheatreleasedtothesurroundingairiswastingenergy.(制動(dòng)是一個(gè)消耗能量的過程,當(dāng)一個(gè)制動(dòng)蹄被壓緊到旋轉(zhuǎn)輪上時(shí),摩擦作用將運(yùn)動(dòng)輪的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能,熱能釋放到周圍的空氣中,就造成了能量消耗。)

2.Theblockisusuallycurvedtofittheouterrimofthewheel.whenthebrakeisactuated,theblockpressesagainsttherotatingwheel,producingabrakingeffect.Doubleblockbrakesusetwoblocksconnectedbylinkageandmountedonoppositesidesofthewheel.(塊式制動(dòng)蹄通常加工有與旋轉(zhuǎn)輪外緣相配合的曲面。當(dāng)制動(dòng)器動(dòng)作時(shí),制動(dòng)塊靠壓在旋轉(zhuǎn)輪上產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)效果。雙塊式制動(dòng)器使用兩個(gè)的制動(dòng)塊安裝在旋轉(zhuǎn)輪上相對(duì)的兩邊。)

3.Atypicalbandbrakeconsistsofaflexiblebandofmetalorothermaterialfittedaroundtherotatingdevicesothatthebandmaybetightenedagainstthedevicetosloworstopit.(常用的帶式制動(dòng)器有一條由金屬或者其他材料制成的柔性帶配合纏繞過旋轉(zhuǎn)裝置,以便他能夠拉緊旋轉(zhuǎn)裝置使其減速或停止運(yùn)行。)

4.Thedrumbrake'sencloseddesignkeepsthemechanismrelativelyfreeofdirtandgrit.becauseofthedesign,however,heatgeneratedduringfastorrepeatedstopscannotescapequicklyenoughtopreventfading,orloofbrakepower.(鼓形制動(dòng)器的封裝設(shè)計(jì)使制動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)免于灰塵和沙土的污染影響。然而這樣的設(shè)計(jì)卻不能夠使快速或反復(fù)制動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的熱很快的釋放,因而會(huì)使制動(dòng)蹄老化而損傷制動(dòng)能力。)

5.Fadingdoesnotordinarilyoccurwithdiskbrakes,becausethediskisexposedtotheairandcandissipateheatrapidly,dirtandwaterrarelycauseproblems,becausetheytendtobewipedawayeachtimetheshoespreagainsttherotatingdisk.(盤形制動(dòng)器通常不會(huì)出現(xiàn)制動(dòng)蹄老化,因?yàn)榻饘俦P暴露在空氣中能夠使摩擦熱很快消散。灰塵和水也很少產(chǎn)生問題,因?yàn)楫?dāng)制動(dòng)蹄緊壓旋轉(zhuǎn)的金屬盤時(shí),灰塵和水就會(huì)被擦去。)

EngineeringMachines:

一、Scrapers(鏟運(yùn)機(jī))

1.Workisunderwayatpresentincountriesonpaddlefeedersandelevator,whichhelptofillthebowlbetter,loadthescrapermoreuniformly,andutilizethetractionpoweroftractormoreeffectively.(目前,在許多國(guó)家正在進(jìn)行給鏟運(yùn)機(jī)增設(shè)刮板式填土器和提升機(jī)構(gòu)的工作,這有助于使鏟斗填充的更滿,負(fù)載更均勻,以及更加充分地利用牽引車的牽引功率。)

2.Bulldozersaremoreefficientatdistanceslethan100meters,andself-poweredscraperswithatravelingspeedtwoorthreetimeshigherthanthatofcrawlervehiclesprovemuchbetterfordistances300to500meters.(推土機(jī)在小于100米的距離內(nèi)具有較高的效率,自行式鏟運(yùn)機(jī)的行駛速度比牽引式鏟運(yùn)機(jī)的速度高出2~3倍,實(shí)踐證明它在工作距離可達(dá)300~5000米范圍內(nèi)更好。)

二、LoadingMachines(裝載機(jī))

1.Themainworkingmemberoffork-liftloadersistheforkservingtoloadandunloadpieceloads.Theseloadershavedifferentchangeattachments.(叉式裝載機(jī)的主要任務(wù)是用于裝載貨物的升降叉。).

2.Theloaderpermitsmechanizationofloadingconstructionanderectionandworkwiththeaidofchangeattachments,ofwhichthemainoneisthebucket.(裝載機(jī)可以借助于工作裝置完成裝載建筑構(gòu)件,豎立和其他機(jī)械作業(yè),其中主要的裝置是裝載斗。)

3.Presentlyfront-endloaderswithpositivedisplacementhydraulicdrivesfortheattachmentare

mostwidelyused.(目前,具有變量液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的工作卸式裝載機(jī)使用得最廣泛。)

Positivedisplacementhydraulicdrives變量液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)。

三、HydraulicExcavators(液壓挖掘機(jī))

1.Thesummaryforceappearingonthecuttinglipofthebucketintheproceofdiggingisusuallyresolvedintoatangentialandparalleldiggingforces.(在挖掘過程中,鏟斗前刃上所受的總作用力通?梢苑纸鉃榍邢蛄推叫杏诙窏U的挖掘力。)

summaryforce合力

2.Inanexcavatorwithrigidsuspensionofthebucketnormaldiggingforceswhichusuallytendtoraisethebucketfromthesoilareovercomebythefullweightofthemachine,whileinanexcavatorwithflexiblesuspension,onlybytheweightoftheworkingattachment.(正常的挖掘力常常具有提升鏟斗使其離開土壤的趨勢(shì),在鏟斗與底盤采用剛性懸掛的挖掘機(jī)中,由機(jī)器的全部重量來產(chǎn)生這個(gè)力,然而,在采用柔性懸掛的挖掘機(jī)中,只能由工作裝置的重量產(chǎn)生。)

四、VibratoryRollers(振動(dòng)壓路機(jī))

1.Thevibrationpumpprovidesthehydraulicdriveforthevibrationmotorontheleft-handsideofthedrum,whichgeneratesthevibrationbyrotatingtheeccentricshaft.(振動(dòng)油泵為位于振動(dòng)輪左側(cè)的振動(dòng)馬達(dá)提供液壓動(dòng)力,振動(dòng)輪依靠轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)偏心軸產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)。)

2.Thesteeringwheelactsonasteeringvalvewhichcontrolstwosteeringcylindersatthearticulatedjoint.(方向盤作用在控制位于鉸接軸處的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)向油缸的轉(zhuǎn)向閥上。)

五、AsphaltPlants(瀝青拌和設(shè)備)

1.Ourcoldfeedsystemcombinestheindustry’smostruggedconstructionwithprovencontrollersthatofferunmatchedaccuracy.(我們的冷供料系統(tǒng)集成了最堅(jiān)固的結(jié)構(gòu)和已經(jīng)證明了的能夠提供無與倫比的計(jì)量精度的控制器)

2.Superpave’smodifiedliquidasphalts,completewithaninfinitevarietyofpolymermixtures,arerapidlypushingstandardasphaltstoragetechniquesintoobsolescence.(用于高性能瀝青路面的改性液態(tài)瀝青,含有大量聚合物的混合物,正在迅速地將曾經(jīng)權(quán)威的瀝青存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)推向歷史。)

3.TheRotaryRecycleMixerConversionPackagemakeyourbatchordrummixerplantauniquehybrid,incorporatingthebestfeaturesofbothbatchanddrumtypesofplants.(旋轉(zhuǎn)的再生攪拌器轉(zhuǎn)換模塊可以使你的分批攪拌或滾筒攪拌設(shè)備成為一個(gè)獨(dú)特的混血兒,他結(jié)合了分批攪拌和滾筒攪拌設(shè)備的最優(yōu)秀特點(diǎn))

六、AsphaltPavers(瀝青攤鋪機(jī))

1.Toassistthecrewmantoachieveaccuracyofmatlevel,thepaverhasacompletesystemofautomaticlevelcontrol,whichinanyoftheavailablecombinationsdependsoncontrollingthetowpointsofthetwosidearmsbyelectricalsignals.(為了幫助操作人員控制鋪層平整精度,攤鋪機(jī)有一個(gè)完整的自動(dòng)找平控制系統(tǒng),在任何一種組合方式下,它都依賴于電信號(hào)控制兩個(gè)大臂的牽引點(diǎn)。)

2.Thetwosidearmshavetobecontrolledbyindependentmeans,eitherbyasensoronadatum,oracrossfallwhichmaintainsonsidearminconstantrelationshipwiththeother.(兩側(cè)大臂必須由獨(dú)立的方法控制,或者由基準(zhǔn)線上的傳感器,或者由保證一側(cè)相對(duì)于另一側(cè)的不確定關(guān)系的橫向坡度控制。

七、ColdMillingMachines(冷洗刨機(jī))

1.Thepressuresinthehydraulicsystemareadditionallymonitoredbytwopressuregaugeswhichindicatethecurrentpressuresin12differentareasofthehydraulicsystem.(液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力由兩個(gè)壓力表監(jiān)視,它可以切換顯示液壓系統(tǒng)的12個(gè)不同位置的當(dāng)前壓力)。

2.Itisequippedwithafullyelectronicenginemanagementsystemwhichallowstheenginetoautomaticallyadapttovaryingambientconditions,suchaschangingatmosphericpressure,temperatureorhumidity.(裝備全電子發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)管理系統(tǒng),可以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)自動(dòng)的適應(yīng)變化的周圍條件,例如大氣壓力、溫度或濕度的變化。)

3.Loadingofthemilledmaterialfromthemillingchamberontrucksiseffectedtothefront(frontloading)bymeansofawideconveyorsystemconsistingofaprimaryconveyorandadischargeconveyor.

(借助于由主輸送器和卸料輸送器組成的寬大輸送系統(tǒng),可以將銑刨?gòu)U料從銑削腔裝載到前方(前部裝料)的卡車上。)

4.Thereferenceplanescanbescannedbyvariousmethods,forinstance,byawire-ropesensoratthesideplates,anultrasonicsensorontheexistingroadsurface,agrade-lineincombinationwithrotarytransducers,oraplaneformedbylasers.(可以用不同的方法掃描參考平面,例如,用安裝在側(cè)板上的鋼絲繩傳感器,用超聲波傳感器掃描已有的路面,高呈線與旋轉(zhuǎn)式傳感器的組合或激光形成的掃描面。)

八、HotRecyclingMachines(熱再生復(fù)拌機(jī))

1.Themethodpermitson-siterestorationoftheservicepropertiesofthepavementwhilemakingcompletereuseoftheexistingroadmaterials.(這種方法可以在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)恢復(fù)道路的使用性能,而且可以重新使用全部現(xiàn)有的道路材料。)

2.Theadditionofbinderandvirginasphaltmaterialispreciselymeteredsothatthequalityofthesurfacecoursestoberehabilitatedcanbeimproved.(另外添加的黏結(jié)劑和新瀝青材料經(jīng)過精確計(jì)量,從而使重新恢復(fù)的道路面層質(zhì)量得到改善。)

3.Thesoftenedpavementisloosenedbytherotatingscarifiershaftswithcutterteethandaugeredintothemachinewiththehelpofthelevelingblades.(已經(jīng)軟化的路面用具有刀齒的旋轉(zhuǎn)刮削轉(zhuǎn)子刨松,并由刮平刀片刮進(jìn)機(jī)器內(nèi)。)

九、Micro-SurfaceSealingMachine(微表處理機(jī))

1.Astheoilleavesthecanister,itcanenterthemainsystempumporpaoverthe30PSI(207kPa)checkvalueandre-enterthereservoir,thereforemaintaininga30PSIchargepressuretopressurecompensatedpump.(當(dāng)油液離開濾清器后,可以進(jìn)入主回路油泵,或者通過30PSI(270kPa)的單向閥旁路重新進(jìn)入油箱,因此,可以保持向壓力補(bǔ)償泵提供30PSI的增壓供油。)

2.Thiscreatesapositiverelationshipbetweentherockconveyor,emulsionpumpandthecementaugerallowingonevaluetoregulatethethreefunctions.(這種控制可以可以用一個(gè)閥實(shí)現(xiàn)石料輸送器,乳化瀝青泵與水泥螺旋三種功能之間的正比例關(guān)系控制。)

十、UsagesandMaintenanceofConstructionMachines(建筑機(jī)械的使用與維修)

1.Idlingofmachinesaccountsforthemainlosseswhichincludetheidlingtimeduetonon-preparedneofconstructionsites,irrationaltransferofmachineswithinconstructionsites;9機(jī)械怠工是浪費(fèi)的主要原因,這其中包括由于施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)備不充分及施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)內(nèi)機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)移的不合理而耽誤的時(shí)間.);Idlingofmachines機(jī)械怠工.

2.Maintenanceisscheduledandthecategoryofmaintenanceisestablishedbasedonsuchwearofmachinewhichdoesnotprecludeitsoperation,butwhenfurtheroperationmayresultinanemergency;(保養(yǎng)計(jì)劃的建立及保養(yǎng)卡的分類均基于機(jī)器的磨損程度,即機(jī)器當(dāng)前的磨損程度尚不致影響其工作,但是若繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)就可能出現(xiàn)意外事故。)

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