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六級英語閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)分析
一、時(shí)間順序
事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程都是有時(shí)間的。在頭腦中有了一個(gè)明確的時(shí)間順序,也就是事件的連續(xù)性,有助于快速地理解和抓住中心思想。例如:
Asmall,hand-propelledGermansubmarine,theBrand-taucher,sankin1851insixtyfeetofwater,withhercaptain,WilhelmBauer,andtwocrewmembersaboard.Herhullimmediatelybegantocollapseunderthepressureofthesea.CaptainBauer,whohadbuiltthetinycraft,knewthatifhecouldkeephistwocompanionsfrompanickingwhileallowingthewatertorisesteadilyinsideher,theinteriorandexteriorpressurewouldequalizeandtheywouldbeabletoopenthehatchandgotout.Theydid.
二、地點(diǎn)順序
一切事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程都有不同的地點(diǎn),把這些地點(diǎn)聯(lián)系起來,同樣有助于快速地抓住中心思想,找到具體的事實(shí)與細(xì)節(jié)。
三、事件的重要性的順序
有些段落的細(xì)節(jié)構(gòu)成常常是次要的放在前面,重要的放在最后。了解重要性的先后次序同樣有助于我們快速地找到并抓住中心思想。
四、對比法
文章中為了描述一種不熟悉的事物或觀念,常常把它們與我們所熟悉的事物或觀念想對比,或者把過去的事物與現(xiàn)在的事物相對比。如果熟悉作者的這種筆法,有助于使我們快速地捕捉到中心意思和具體細(xì)節(jié)。下面的例子中,有三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了比較:
Whiletherearemanydifferencesbetweenhighschoolandcollege,I’dhavetosaythatthemostimportantonesallinvolvefreedom.Everyonehastoattendhighschool,atleastuntiltenthgrade,soveryoftenyoufindclasseswherethestudentsaren’tseriousaboutlearning.Collegeisexactlytheopposite.Peoplearetherevoluntarilybecausetheywanttolearnandimprovethemselves.Asaresultcollegestudentsaremuchmoreseriousandinterested.Anothermajordifferenceisthatcollegesdon’tenforcearbitraryrules.Inhighschoolyouneedapasstobeinthehallwayduringclass,andyoucan’tleaveaclassroomwithoutpermission.Ontheotherhand,collegestudentscangowheretheyplease.
五、因果關(guān)系
在說明文或議論文中,事物的因果關(guān)系常被用來作為展開段落的方法。先講原因,后給結(jié)果或者是先給結(jié)果,后講原因。還有一些段落在原因顯而易見的情況下可以只集中說明結(jié)果;相反,還有一些段落則只涉及原因,例如:
Mygrandfather’sfarmhasbecomemucheasiertomanageinrecentyears.HisprizeHolsteincows,forexample,arenowmilkedbyautomaticpumpsratherthanbyhand.Also,theeggshishenslayarehatchedinincubatorsinsteadofbythehensthemselves.Thetemperatureandhumidityinthehenhousesarecontrolledbythermostats,notbyNature’swhim;andtheamountoffoodhischickensgeteachdayisdeterminedbyacomputerratherthanbyafarmhand’sestimates.Allthatisleftforgrandfathertogo,hejokes,istositbackandpaythehugeelectricbills.
六、分類
分類是根據(jù)事物的特點(diǎn)分別歸類。這樣組合段落的目的是為了分清每一種類的性質(zhì)。例如:
Inferretingtheinterestsofpeopleinspace,weareawarethatthereareprobablythreereasons.Firstly,itisaplanoflookingforotherplacestoholdtheovercrowdedpopulationonthis
earth.Secondly,itisthecuriosityofmankindtourgethescientistsfortheresearchwork,becausetheydesiretooeagerlythecomingofthedaywhentheycantravelfreelyinspace.Thirdly,weareremindedofthemineralsourceswhicharenotsufficienttoprovidefortheneedsontheearth,sowetryeveryefforttogotootherplanetsinthehopeforsearchingfornewresources
七、一般到個(gè)別
大多數(shù)的段落以主題句開頭,開門見山,點(diǎn)明主題,然后給出具體細(xì)節(jié),或是用理由和實(shí)例來論證主題。例如:
Myambitionistogotocollege,butmyenvironmentdoesnotallowmetodoso.Myfatherhasbeeninsomedifficultyinsupportingmeeveninthemiddleschool,soitiscertainlyagreaterdifficultyforhimtopaymyexpensesincollege.AndIhavefivebrothersinschools.IfIgotocollege,theburdenwillbetooheavyformyfather.Moreover,Iampoorinscience,andperhapsthiswillpreventmefrombeingsuccessfullyassignedtheentranceofacollege.
八、個(gè)別到一般
這種段落是先給出具體細(xì)節(jié),或是以理由和實(shí)例開頭,而后用概述全段意思的一般性評論作為段落結(jié)尾。
此外,還有定義法,這種方式是對某些詞、術(shù)語或抽象概念下定義。使用段落下定義往往先把一個(gè)詞限定為總屬詞類的一項(xiàng),再把這個(gè)詞項(xiàng)和同類中的其他項(xiàng)目相區(qū)別
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