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2015年3月28日職稱英語（理工類A級）考試真題
Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth
Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?
Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all.
Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur.
“There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.”
Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.
Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.
Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.
Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.
“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.”
Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.
Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.
16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.
A.Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.
A. Right B. Wrong C.Not mentioned
18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.
A.Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.
A.Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.
A. Right B. Wrong C.Not mentioned
21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.
A.Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.
A.Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
1.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(3)
2.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(5)
3.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(2)
4.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(4)
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FirstImage-recognition Software
1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before.
2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (運算法則)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video — rather than just text — to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results.
3."Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search."
4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed — that extracts semantic (語義的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查詢)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text.
27. The new system does documentretrieval by __C__.
28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in __B__.
29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore __A__
30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the __E__
A.information in images
B.current popular search engines
C.using photos
D.machine vision systems
E.document search
F.description of the HTML page
1.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(3)
2.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(5)
3.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(2)
4.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(4)
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以下為理工教材原文及譯文：
+ 第十三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More Light
Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’ta very efficient way to gather heat.
That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
“That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light— pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.
However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.
31. PVTs are not efficient in A. creating electricity. B. cooling silicon solar cells. C. generating heat. D. powering solar thermal collectors.
32. One of the problems PVTs have is that A. their thermala pplications are costly. B. they are too expensive to afford. C. it is hard to fix them on the roof. D. they occupy too much space.
33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells? A. They are flexible. B. They are less expensive. C. They are electrically efficient. D. They are environment friendly.
34. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because A. they do not work well if exposed to light. B. their advantages are not well-recognized. C. they need improving in appearance. D. they are not advertised.
35 Which of the following statements is true? A. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon. B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature. C Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up. D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created.
譯文： 第十三篇 更有效的太陽能系統(tǒng)：更多熱量，更強燈光
太陽能光伏熱能系統(tǒng)，也叫PVT，能夠生成熱量和電能。與太陽熱能單機收集器相比，傳統(tǒng)太陽能光伏熱能系統(tǒng)在轉換熱能方面效率不是很高。原因是，為了使晶體硅太陽能電池冷卻，該系統(tǒng)在低溫下工作。因此，硅體能產出更多的電能，卻不能有效地產生熱量。
第一，經濟問題。好的太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)比太陽能電力系統(tǒng)收集的能量更多，而且成本低得多。第二，空間問題。光電管占去屋頂?shù)乃械目臻g，幾乎沒有空間留給熱能的產出。
在一項研究中，材料科學與工程副教授Joshua Pearce找到了一個解決方案：用另外一種硅制成PVT來解決效能問題。他的合作者有：來自加利福尼亞ThinSilicon的Kunal Girotra和加拿大皇后大學的Michael Pathak和Stephen Harrison。
大部分太陽能電池板是由晶體硅制成，但是，你也可以用非晶硅制成太陽能電池，這種非晶體硅通常被叫作薄膜硅。它們不能產生那么多的電能，但是更亮、更靈巧、成本更低。而且，由于它們需要的硅較少，它們更環(huán)保。不幸的是，薄膜硅太陽能電池易受SWE效應攻擊(在光的照射下，非晶硅氫的導電性短時間內顯著衰退，這種特性被稱為SWE效應)。
“當被暴露在光線下，那就意味著它們的能效會降低——這幾乎是太陽能電池最可能糟糕的效應。”Pearce解釋道。這就是薄型太陽能板只占有一少部分市場的原因。
然而，Pearce和他的團隊把薄膜硅合成為一種新型的PVT，可以克服或繞過SWE效應。這種方法可以不用冷卻薄膜硅而讓它們產生效能。事實上，Pearce團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過把薄膜硅加熱到太陽熱能操作溫度，即臨近水的沸點，可以把它制成較厚的電池，從而可以遏制SWE效應。當把薄膜硅直接應用到太陽熱能集熱器時，他們也發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果一天把太陽能電池加熱一次，那么太陽能的電力效能會增加10%。
1.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(3)
2.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(5)
3.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(2)
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Gorillashave a word for it
Kokois the first gorilla to have been taught sign language (a way of communicatingby using hands and fingers rather than speech). With a vocabulary of more than1000 words, she is the first to prove we share a world with other intelligentbeings who feel emotions, look forward to celebrations and also have a sense ofhumour.
The30-year study of Koko has redefined science's concept of gorilla intelligence.According to some scientists, genetically there is only a 2% difference betweengorillas and humans: we share the same blood type, have the same number ofhairs per square inch and also the same temperament. But what had not beenrecognised by the scientific community was that gorillas have the ability tolearn a language and have complex emotions.
Kokolives in the Santa Cruz mountains in North America, in a wooded spotoverlooking a valley. She has her own home, with curtains, and a nest ofblankets, which is her bed, in one corner. She has a barrel on which she likesto sit when 'talking' to humans - gorillas feel more secure when they can lookdown on others - while her toys are spread everywhere. In addition she has anoutside enclosure where she spends her days when it is not raining.
Itis her conversations with her teacher, Dr Penny Patterson, that are inspiring.Penny explains: ‘The reality of my discovery is that our abilities as humans,our skills, sensibilities and emotions are very similar to the great apes. Whatwe have learnt is that gorillas are more complex than we ever imagined.'
Whenshe began teaching Koko sign language, placing the little fingers of theone-year-old gorilla into the correct positions for 'drink', 'eat', 'more', andrewarding her with food, Dr Patterson had no idea how quickly Koko would learn.“At first, it seemed Koko was using sign language as a tool to get something,”says Patterson. 'It became the kind of reward system that you could expect of acat or a dog. But early in her training, she began to combine signs that mademe think she was capable of more.’ Now Koko is so proficient in sign languagethat if she doesn't know a word she invents one. For example, she didn't knowthe word for 'ring', so she combined the signs for ‘finger’ and 'bracelet' toexpress it.
DrPatterson continues: ‘Koko loves babies and young people. And when she is askedwhat gorillas like best, she always says "Gorilla love eat, good’’.' Oneof Patterson's favourite stories demonstrates Koko's sense of humour. When avisitor asked her to show him something scary, she held up a mirror to his face!
WhenPatterson asked her what she would like for her 11th birthday, Koko signed thatshe wanted a cat. The story of Koko’s cat enabled Patterson to learn more abouther student: the cat was hit by a car and Patterson had to break the news toKoko, who signed 'cry, sad, frown'. Then, once alone, Patterson heard Koko makethe gorilla's distress call: a loud series of hoots.
Fromthe age of three, Koko shared her accommodation with Michael who was intendedas a mate. However,
Michaeldied suddenly two years ago of a heart attack. ‘Koko went into a depressionfollowing Michael's death,’ says Patterson. ‘She would sit for hours with herhead hung low looking upset.
DrPatterson asked her if she was looking forward to moving to Hawaii, wherePatterson is raising money to build a gorilla refuge. Koko signed ‘Yes',provided she could have curtains in her new home!
1.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(3)
2.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(5)
3.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(2)
4.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(4)
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以下為理工教材原文：
+ 第十四篇 Robotic Highway Cones
A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels. These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made miles away. They can even be programmed to move on their own1 at any particular part of the day, said Shane Fanitor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.
For example, if workers arrived at 6 am, the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time. And they can return to the original place at the end of the day. “It just seems likea very good application for robots,” Farritor said. “The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place,” Fanitor said in a report oh his creation.
Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant. The fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students2 at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.
The robots are placed at the bottomof the cones and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides. “It would look exactly the same,”Farritor said. “Normally there’s a kind of rubbery, black base to them. Were place that with a robot.
Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they3 might need.
The robots could come in handy4 following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds. “That way you don’t have to block off a 10-mile strip forthe operation,5” Fanitor said.
While6 prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said he has applied for apatent and is considering what to do next. Heis thinking about starting a small business. He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who7 may benefit from them.
1.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(3)
2.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(5)
3.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(2)
4.2015年3月28日職稱英語(理工類A級)考試真題(4)
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