2017職稱英語《綜合A》閱讀理解試題及答案
閱讀理解題
part A
Political Spins
Last week, US White House spokesman Tony Snow sent journalists digging for their
dictionaries. He called recent criticism by the former President Bill Clinton "chutzpah" ( 大膽放肆).
With just. one sentence, Snow managed to make headlines, a joke and a defense of President George W. Bush. Interestingly, this is how battles are fought and won in US politics--with carefully-worded one-liners ( 一行自幕新聞 ) made for TV which often lack substance and clarity (清晰度) .
"The amount of information that candidates attempt to communicate to people is actually getting smaller and smaller," said Mark Smith, a political science professor at Cedarville University.
This has been accompanied by a changing media environment, Smith said. In 1968, the average TV or radio soundbite (演講中的句子或短語) was 48 seconds, according to Smith. In 1996, the average soundbite had shrunk to 8 seconds. Thus, politicians wanting publicity try to make their public communication as quotable as possible.
Campaigning politicians also use 30-second TV ads and clever campaign slogans to boost their messages. Republican presidential candidate John McCain rides to campaign stops in a bus named the "Straight Talk Express". McCain hopes the name will convince voters he plans to tell people the truth--whether it's in fashion or not. Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton,on the other hand, has chosen the campaign slogan "Let the conversation begin". She hopes it will help her appear open-minded and friendly.
But one-liners, TV ads and campaign slogans all have a single key ingredient: something commonly called political "spin". Brooks Jackson, a former journalist and the current director of the non-partisan (無黨派的) website FactCheck. org, calls spin "just a polite word for deception ( 欺騙) "
"I do believe that very often politicians believe their own spin," said Jackson. Strong partisans suffer from a universal human tendency: They ignore the evidence that would force them into the uncomfortable position of having to change their minds and admit that they were wrong.
I.Which statement is NOT true of one-liners?
A. They are unclear.
B. They contain a lot of information.
C. They lack substance.
D. They are carefully constructed.
2.What changed from 1968 to 1996?
A. Publicity.
B. Information.
C. Communication.
D. The average soundbite.
3.The campaign slogan "Straight Talk Express" aims at convincing voters that the presidential candidate is_____.
A. honest.
B. friendly.
C. open-minded.
D. warm-hearted.
4.According to Brooks Jackson, all campaign slogans are
A. attractive.
B. impressive.
C. deceptive.
D. informative.
5.Which statement best describes strong partisans?
A. They are very funny.
B. They are very healthy.
C. They are very aggressive.
D. They are very stubbom (頑固的 ).
part B
Living on Water
Desperately short of living space and dangerously prone to flooding, the Netherlands plans to start building homes, businesses and even roads on water.
With nearly a third of the country already covered by water and half of its land mass below sea level and constantly under threat from rising waters, the authorities believe that floating communities may well be the future.
Six prototype wooden and aluminum floating houses are already attached to something off Amsterdam, and at least a further 100 are planned on the same estate, called Ijburg.
"Everybody asks why didn't we do this kind of thing before," said Gijsbert Van der Woerdt,director of the firm responsible for promoting the concept. "After Bangladesh we're the most densely populated country in the world. Building space is scarce and government studies show that we'll need to double the space available to us in the coming years to meet all our needs."
Before being placed on the water and moved into position by tugboats (拖船), the houses are built on land atop concrete flat-bottomed boats, which encase giant lumps of polystyrene (聚苯乙烯) reinforced with steel. The flat-bottomed boats are said to be unsinkable and are anchored by underwater cables. The floating roads apply the same technology.
The concept is proving popular with the Dutch. "The waiting list for such homes, which will cost between euros 200,000,500,000 to buy, runs to 5,000 names," claims Van der Woerdt.
With much of the country given over to market gardening and the intensive cultivation of flowers, planners have also come up with designs for floating greenhouses designed so that the water beneath them irrigates the plants and controls the temperature inside.
A pilot project, covering 50 hectares of flooded land near Amsterdam's Schiphol airport, is planned for 2005.
The opportunities for innovative developers look promising. "We have 10 projects in the pipeline- floating villages and cities complete with offices, shops and restaurants," Van der Woerdt said.
1.The Netherlands plans to start building floating communities on water because
A. most parts of the country are covered by water.
B. the country is constantly threatened by floods.
C. it will promote the cultivation of flowers.
D. people think it better to live on water.
2.By citing "Everyone asks why didn't we do this kind of thing before", the author wants to tell us that
A. building floating communities is a very good idea.
B. the director of the firm didn't want to answer the question.
C. the Netherlands should follow the example of Bangladesh.
D. people are not satisfied with the government's work.
3.The floating houses will be
A. reinforced with steel.
B. made of concrete.
C. constructed in water.
D. built on boats.
4.According to the author, the floating communities on water
A. can promote market gardening.
B. are beyond the reach of most Dutch people.
C. will increase the cost of gardening.
D. will be very popular by the year of 2005.
5."lOprojects in the pipeline" in the last paragraph means
A. 10 pipelines to provide gas.
B. 10 companies to lay the pipelines.
C. 10 floating houses to be built on water.
D. 10 building projects planned and started.
part C
Centers of the Great European Cities
The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition. People gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night. A mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting,metropolitan atmosphere.
Squares, plazas (廣場) and arcades (拱廊) form the heart of Europe's cities.
Venice in Italy has the Piazza San Marco-- a beautiful square surrounded by shops, churches,restaurants and cafes. In Barcelona, Spain, La Bosqueria is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods. London's Covent Garden is filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians, acrobats (雜技演員) and artists by night. The government buildings at.the center of ma.ny cities often are architecturally impressive. In London, they serve as a beautiful backdrop (背景) to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames.
These vibrant ( 有活力的 ) hearts are the product of centuries of evolution, social historian Joel Garreau told US News and Worm Report recently. "The reason people think Venice is so great today is you don't see all the mistakes." said Garreau. "Those have all been removed." Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car, so bars, restaurants and cafes were near to people's homes. Today, the focus of many Europeans' life has moved away from the centers They live in the suburbs and outskirts, driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention, there are still those who hold onto traditional ways,living and shopping locally. These people, together with tourists, provide the city centers with their reason for existence.
Coffee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing. This is particularly true of Paris whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists. This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos (濃咖啡) and cigarettes.
Religion also plays a role in developing sociable atmosphere. People in Roman Catholic countries used to visit the church on an almost daily basis. Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets, cafes and bars in the surrounding streets. An enormous example of this relationship between church and society is the Duomo. The huge marble cathedral in Florence, Italy is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops, and caters not only to the tourist crowds, but also the local community.
1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that each big city in Europe
A. has many large squares.
B. has many very magnificent sky-scrapers.
C. draws tourists in large numbers every year.
D. has a center where tourists meet their spouses.
2.Which statement is NOT true of Covent Garden?
A. It is crowded with people.
B. It is located in London.
C. It is filled with stalls.
D. It is surrounded by shops, churches, restaurants and cafes.
3.Why do people think that Venice is so great?
A. Because it is a famous tourist attraction.
B. Because you can reach anywhere by boat.
C. Because it is well-known for its merchants.
D. Because all the mistakes have been removed.
4.What are Parisians famous for?
A. Their pursuit of independence.
B. Their enthusiasm for conversation.
C. Their ability to keep the city flourishing.
D. Their devotion to developing a multiple culture.
5.The writer cites the Duomo in the last paragraph as an example to illustrate that
A. there is a tight link between church and society.
B. all churches are magnificent.
C. old churches are very popular.
D. high-rise churches are impressive.
part D
Superconductor Ceramic (陶瓷)
An underground revolution begins this winter. With the flip (輕擊) of a switch, 30,000 homes in one part of Detroit will soon become the first in the country to receive electricity transmitted by ice-cold high-performance cables. Other American cities are expected to follow Detroit's example in the years ahead, which could conserve enormous amounts of power.
The new electrical cables at the Frisbie powe.r station in Detroit are revolutionary because they are made of superconductors. A superconductor is a material that transmits electricity with little or no resistance. Resistance is the degree to which a substance resists electric current. All common electrical conductors have a certain amount of electrical resistance. They convert at least some of the electrical energy passing through them into waste heat. Superconductors don't. No one understands how superconductivity works. It just does.
Making superconductors isn't easy. A superconductor material has to be cooled to an extremely low temperature to lose its resistance. The first superconductors, made more than 50 years ago, had to be cooled to -263 degrees Celsius before they lost their resistance. Newer superconducting materials lose their resistance at -143 degrees Celsius.
The superconductors cable installed at the Frisbie station is made of a ceramic material that contains copper, oxygen; bismuth(鉍 ), strontium(偲 ), and calcium( 鈣 ). A ceramic is a hard, strong compound made from clay or minerals. The superconducting ceramic has been fashioned into a tape that is wrapped lengthwis.e around a long tube filled with liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen is supercold and lowers the temperature of the ceramictape to the point where it conveys electricity
with zero resistance.
The United States loses an enormous amount of electricity each year to resistance. Because cooled superconductors have no resistance, they waste much less power. Other cities are watching the Frisbie experiment in the hope that they might switch to superconducting cable and conserve power, too.
1.What is the benefit of the revolution mentioned in the first paragraph?
A. With a flip of swish, electricity can be transmitted.
B. Other American cities can benefit from the high-perfo ——rraance cables.
C. Great amounts of power can be conserved.
D. Detroit will first receive electricity transmitted by the new electrical cables.
2.Compared to common electrical conductors, superconductors
A. have little or no electrical resistance.
B. can be used for a long time.
C. are not energy-efficient.
D. can be made easily.
3.At what temperature does the superconducting ceramic lose its resistance?
A. -143 degree Celsius.
B. -263 degree Celsius.
C. As long as it is ice-cold.
D. Absolute zero.
4.What element enables the ceramic tape to lower its temperature?
A. Copper.
B. Liquid nitrogen.
C. Clay.
D. Calcium.
5.According to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Other cities hope they can also conserve power.
B. Other cities hope they can use superconducting cables soon.
C. Superconductors waste less power because of their low resistance.
D. The Fribie experiment is not successful.
答案與解析
part A
1.B。細節(jié)題。題干：下列關(guān)于one-liner的說法哪一項是不對的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞one-liners可以定位到第一段的最后一句。lack substance and clarity和A、C完全相同，carefully-worded符合D(carefully constructed)，所以和原文內(nèi)容不符的只有B。
2.D。細節(jié)題。題干：什么在1968年到l996年發(fā)生了變化?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段。這段的后半部分比較了l968年和l996年這兩年soundbite(錄音片斷)的長度，平均長度從48秒縮短為8秒。所以D是正確答案。
3.A。細節(jié)題。題干：競選口號“Straight Talk Express”旨在使投票者相信總統(tǒng)候選人是__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章的第三段中間，說McCain選擇了這個口號。他希望這個名字能使選民們相信他打算對人們說真話(help to tell people the truth)，說真話也就是honest這個形容詞所表達的意思。
4.C。細節(jié)題：根據(jù)Brooks Jackson的觀點，所有的競選口號都是__________。利用關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章的第四段，說了Brooks Jackson對競選口號的看法。該段的第一句話說所有的競選口號都有一個共同點，即spin，下面一句話給出了Brooks Jackson對spin的解釋，即just a polite word for deception(不過就是對欺騙的禮貌說法而已)。
5.D。細節(jié)題。題干：下列哪種說法最好地描述了strong partisans?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞strong partisans定位到本文的最后一段。這些strong partisans無視那些迫使他們陷入不得不改變想法、承認錯誤的尷尬境地的證據(jù)。也就是說這些人是極不愿意改變自己的觀點或立場的，所以說他們是十分頑固的(stubborn)。
part B
1.B。細節(jié)題。題干：荷蘭計劃建造水上社區(qū)是因為__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章的第一句，可知由于生存空間的減少和洪水的威脅，荷蘭才決定在水上建造家園、樓房甚至馬路。故答案為B。
2.A。詞匯題。題干：作者引用“Everyone asks why didn’t we do this kind ofthing before”是為了告訴我們__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第四段，可以看出作者引用這句話主要是為了說明這是一個好主意。故答案為A。
3.D。細節(jié)題。題干：漂浮的社區(qū)將__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞和選項關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第五段的“…the houses are built on land atop concrete flat.bottomed boats…”，可知漂浮的房子建在平底船上。故答案為D。
4.A。細節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)短文所述，漂浮在水上的社區(qū)__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞和選項關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到倒數(shù)第三段，該段告訴我們“水上的漂浮社區(qū)將會促進園藝市場”。
故答案為A。
5.D。詞匯題。題干：最后一段的“lo projects in the pipeline”的意思是__________。in the pipeline是一個詞組，表示“在進行中”。故答案為D。
part C
1.C。推理題。題干：從第一段可以推斷出歐洲的每個大城市都__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章的第一段，該處對歐洲大城市中心區(qū)的共同點作了一個概述。它們是否都有大廣場、是否都有許多摩天大樓、是否有讓旅游者和自己的配偶見面的中心，這些都沒有提到。但文章提到了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈吐糜握吖餐瑒?chuàng)造了一種令人興奮的大都市氛圍，由此可以推斷，這些城市每年都吸引了大量的旅游者。
2.D。細節(jié)題。題干：下列有關(guān)Covent Garden表述，哪一項是不對的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞或者選項關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第三段中間，該處講到了位于倫敦的Covent Garden。選項A、B、C的內(nèi)容在這段都可以找到，但D的內(nèi)容找不到。
3.D。細節(jié)題。題干：為什么人們認為Venice是偉大的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第四段，即社會歷史學(xué)家Joel Garreau在接受美國一本雜志采訪時所說的話：“The reason people think Venice is so great is you don’t see all the mistakes…Those have all been removed.”
4.B。細節(jié)題。題干：Parisian以什么而著名?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章的倒數(shù)第二段，首先講了咖啡文化對保持這些城市的活力所具有的重要性，然后說了巴黎正是如此。巴黎市民是出了名的熱衷于聊天的(famous enthusiastic conversationalists)，他們喜歡邊喝咖啡邊聊天。故答案為B。
5.A。細節(jié)題。題干：最后一段引用Duom0的例子說明__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到最后一段第四句，可見作者把the Duom0作為一個例子來說明教會和社會之間的密切關(guān)系。
part D
1.c。細節(jié)題。題干：第一段中提及的這場革命的好處是什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第一段的最后一句，盡管A、B、D的內(nèi)容都在第一段中被提及，但不是這場革命所帶來的主要利益。
2.A。細節(jié)題。題干：與傳統(tǒng)的普通電導(dǎo)體相比，超導(dǎo)體__________。第二段的第二句和第四句提供了明確的答案：超導(dǎo)體幾乎沒有電阻，而普通導(dǎo)體都有一定的電阻。故選A。
3.A。細節(jié)題。題干：在什么溫度下，超導(dǎo)體失去電阻?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第三段最后一句，由該句可知答案為A。B是50年前第一代超導(dǎo)體的溫度數(shù)。C和D都不是正確的說法。
4.B。細節(jié)題。題干：什么因素使得ceramic tape能降低溫度?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第四段第四句，由該句可知答案為B。A和D中的copper和calcium是用來制造超導(dǎo)體的陶瓷材料的成分;C中的clay是陶瓷材料的來源。
5.D。細節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)最后一段所述，下列說法哪一項是不對的?A、B、C三個選項的信息在最后一段中都提到了，只有選項D的意思沒提到，故選D。
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