考研英語(yǔ)需要掌握哪些語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)
我們?cè)跍?zhǔn)備考研英語(yǔ)的復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，需要掌握好一些語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)，歡迎大家前來(lái)閱讀。
考研英語(yǔ)只需掌握十種語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)
對(duì)于任何語(yǔ)言我們要分析明白他們的意思，就得分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)我們就需要借助語(yǔ)法這個(gè)工具，語(yǔ)法是我們學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的基本工具，對(duì)于任何英語(yǔ)句子，利用語(yǔ)法分析其結(jié)構(gòu)，才能找到英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的規(guī)律。其實(shí)，許多接觸過(guò)多種外語(yǔ)的人都認(rèn)為，英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法比法語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)、日語(yǔ)等都簡(jiǎn)單，是最容易學(xué)的。漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法也有它的難點(diǎn)，漢語(yǔ)的難點(diǎn)在于漢語(yǔ)不是拼讀語(yǔ)言，漢字很難寫(xiě)，而且有四種聲調(diào)。著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家喬姆斯基說(shuō)過(guò)，語(yǔ)法是內(nèi)生的、也就是隨著語(yǔ)言的誕生而誕生的。因此，學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法和學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言是相輔相成的。
針對(duì)2016考研英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)，在基礎(chǔ)階段需要什么語(yǔ)法呢?下面我們就給大家明朗一下，我們考研基礎(chǔ)階段語(yǔ)法需要學(xué)習(xí)什么：
一、了解英語(yǔ)中的主要詞類(lèi)：名詞、實(shí)意動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、副詞、形容詞、介詞、連詞等，及各類(lèi)詞類(lèi)在句子中的主要成份。
二、了解六大基本句型：主謂、主謂賓、主謂雙賓、主謂賓賓補(bǔ)、主系表、there be存在句，并能分析句子的成份。
三、了解簡(jiǎn)單句及復(fù)合句的構(gòu)句原則。
四、掌握考研中的13中時(shí)態(tài)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，將來(lái)完成時(shí)，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。看懂這些時(shí)態(tài)的句子。
五、了解陳述句變一般疑問(wèn)句，及特殊疑問(wèn)句的變法。
六、掌握從句的分類(lèi)：名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句)，定語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句。識(shí)別及判斷從句并分析各從句的特點(diǎn)。
七、重點(diǎn)理解非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)并會(huì)翻譯其類(lèi)型的句子。
八、了解it作形式主語(yǔ)及形式賓語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。
九、了解虛擬語(yǔ)氣謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的具體形式。
十、明白倒裝句及強(qiáng)調(diào)句的句型特點(diǎn)。
與高中的語(yǔ)法相比，我們沒(méi)有那么多的語(yǔ)法細(xì)節(jié)知識(shí)，對(duì)付考研英語(yǔ)，我們只需掌握以上的十種語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)即可。
考研英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)：三種一致關(guān)系
英語(yǔ)的一致有三種:主謂一致，代詞一致，肯定與否定一致
(一)主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的一致
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法要求，主語(yǔ)如果是單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)形式;主語(yǔ)若是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用復(fù)數(shù)形式
例如:
She likes to eat well.她好吃
We all like good food.我們都喜歡好飯菜。
Everybody was happy with the decision. 人人都對(duì)這個(gè)決定感到高興。
I am a doctor.我是個(gè)醫(yī)生。
(二)概念一致
1. And連接的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
His opinion and mine are different他的觀點(diǎn)和我的是不同的。
Bob and Peter are deadly rivals. Bob和peter是死對(duì)頭。
What she says and what she does are totally different. 她說(shuō)的和做的完全不同。
但是如果and連接的是指一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years. 牛奶面包多年來(lái)一直是我的早餐。
Her lawyer and old friend is going to marry her.她的律師和老朋友要娶她。
All this effort and sacrifice has come to nothing. 所有這些努力和犧牲都白費(fèi)了。
由and連接的單數(shù)主語(yǔ)分別有many a，ever y，each，no修飾時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
如：During the holidays, every train and every plane was crowded.假期期間每列火車(chē)及每架飛機(jī)都非常擁擠。
No boy and no girl has the right to refuse education. 男孩和女孩都沒(méi)有拒絕教育的權(quán)利。
Man a man and man a woman was moved b this picture。許多男男女女都被這幅畫(huà)感動(dòng)。
2.如果主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)抽象概念(如不定式、動(dòng)名詞、主語(yǔ)從句等)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如果主語(yǔ)是用and連接的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)抽象概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如：Swimming jogging and cycling are all goad farms of sports exercises.游泳、慢跑和騎自行車(chē)都是很好的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式。
To live to eat is not a very goad attitude toward life. 活著就是為了吃不是好的生活態(tài)度。
To live to eat and to eat to live are very different attitudes toward life.
以what，who，why，haw, whether等wh一詞引起的從句做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù);由and連接的兩個(gè)主句如果指兩件事，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如:What he is doing is not clear yet他在干什么還不清楚
What he is doing and whether I know him are two different things.他在干什么和我是否認(rèn)識(shí)他是兩件不同的事。
What she told me is none of your business. 她和我說(shuō)的什么用不著你管。
What she told me and what she told you are totally different things.
以what從句為主語(yǔ)的“主一系一表SVC"句型中，如果主句的表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;what從句本身是復(fù)數(shù)意義，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。
如：What I need buy now are four tea cups and a pair of sports shoes.
我需要買(mǎi)的.是四只茶杯和一雙運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋。
What were thought to be five dogs were actually five sheep.
被認(rèn)為是五條狗的東西實(shí)際上是五只羊。
3.集體名詞family，class，crew(全體船員或機(jī)組人員)，crowd, group, committee, audience, government, public, team, staff, population等做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若作為一個(gè)整體看待，后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù); 如就其中每一個(gè)成員來(lái)考慮時(shí)，則用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如: My family is a big one.我家人多。
My family are all music lovers. 我全家人都愛(ài)好音樂(lè)。
Eighty percent of China' s population are peasants. 百分之八十的中國(guó)人口是農(nóng)民。
China has a huge population. 中國(guó)有眾多的人口。
The population of China is the largest in the world. 中國(guó)的人口是世界上最多的。
People, police, cattle,(牛)，militia(民兵)，poultry(家禽)，vermin(害出)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。
4.不定代詞either，neither，ever y，each，one，the other, another以及所有的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只用單數(shù)，包括“every/each/no……and every/each/no……”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)。
如：Every/Each plane and every/each pilot is ready to take off.
每架飛機(jī)和每個(gè)飛行員都已準(zhǔn)備好起飛。
No plane and no pilot is ready to take off.
沒(méi)有一架飛機(jī)、沒(méi)有一個(gè)飛行員已準(zhǔn)備好起飛。
Here are two books. Either of them is worth reading.
這有兩本書(shū)，都值得一讀。
Neither of these two dictionaries contains this ward.
這兩本詞典都沒(méi)收入這個(gè)字
Everyone is here. No one is absent. 大家都到了，沒(méi)有人缺席。
Somebody is using the phone. 有人在用電話。
I have two sisters. One is here, and the other is not here.
我有兩個(gè)姐妹，一個(gè)在這兒，一個(gè)不在這兒。
Each day is better than the one before. 一天比一天好。
Either day is OK. 兩天中哪一天都行。
5. what，who，which，any，mare，some，half，mast，all，none.等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思決定。但指不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)作單數(shù)看待。
6.表示時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值等的單位名詞，盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式，如果作整體看待，動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù)形式。如果看作組成該數(shù)量的一個(gè)一個(gè)的個(gè)體，則動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
如：Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 走二十英里可是很長(zhǎng)的一段路。
Ten years is a long time。十年很長(zhǎng)。
Eight minutes is enough. 八分鐘夠了。
Twelve dollars is too dear. 十二美圓太貴了。
There are six silver dollars in each of the stacking. 每只襪子里有六個(gè)一美元的銀幣。
7. “the+形容詞”表示一類(lèi)人時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。表示抽象概念或指?jìng)�(gè)別事物時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
如：The old are well taken care of. 老人得到很好的照顧。
The beautiful is laved by all. 人人都愛(ài)美。
8. 如果主語(yǔ)由"a kind/sort/type of this kind/sort/type of +名詞”組成，不管名詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。
如：This kind of man annoys me. =This kind of men annoys me. 這種人讓我煩。
This kind of apple is very expensive. = This kind of apples is…這種蘋(píng)果很貴。
類(lèi)似的還有:a portion of(一部分)，a series of(一系列)，a pile of(一堆)，a panel of (一個(gè)小組委員會(huì))，
如：A series of accidents has happened here. 這里發(fā)生過(guò)一系列事故。
9. Means作“方法、手段”講時(shí)，單復(fù)數(shù)同形，其前面有each, every, neither, either,等單數(shù)a念的定語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);若有all, both，these等復(fù)數(shù)概念的定語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
“None of the means”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。
如：There is/are no means of learning what is happening. 沒(méi)法知道正在發(fā)生什么事。
No means is /are left untried. 沒(méi)有沒(méi)試過(guò)的方法了。
Every means is to an end. 每一種手段都能達(dá)到一種目的。
A bicycle is a means of transport. 自行車(chē)是一種交通手段。
All possible means have/Every possible means has been tried.所有的方法都試過(guò)了。
(三)就近一致
1.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由either...... or. neither...... nor , not only ...... but(also) 或or連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常和最臨近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致。
例如：Either you or he is to do the work. 不是你就是他來(lái)做這件事。
Not only you but also Tom often comes late to class. 不光是你，湯姆上課也遲到。
Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.
孩子們和老師都不知道這件事。
2.當(dāng)there be結(jié)構(gòu)后面有并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)也和最臨近的那個(gè)一致。
如：There is a dictionary and many books on the table.
桌子上有一本詞典和許多本書(shū)。
There' re ten chairs and a table in the house.
屋子里有十把椅子和一張桌子。
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and same paper far you.
這兒有一支筆，幾個(gè)信封和一些紙給你。
這種就近一致的情況在非正式文體中越來(lái)越普遍。但在下列情況不提倡模訪。
如：Where is your mother and sisters?
你媽媽和你姐妹到哪兒去了?
Is your sister and her husband coming to see you?
你姐姐和姐夫要來(lái)看你嗎?
One in ten are expected to take part in the contest.
預(yù)計(jì)每十個(gè)人就有一個(gè)要來(lái)參加這次比賽。
3.做主語(yǔ)的名詞或代詞后接with，together with，along with，as well as等短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般和前面名詞或代詞一致。這些短語(yǔ)前后可用可不用逗號(hào)。
如：A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital
一個(gè)婦女抱著個(gè)嬰兒正向醫(yī)院走來(lái)。
The girl, as well as the bays , has learned to drive a car.
這個(gè)姑娘和那些那孩子一樣也學(xué)會(huì)了開(kāi)汽車(chē)。
(四)代詞一致
代詞一致是指句子中代詞應(yīng)在數(shù)、性、人稱(chēng)等方面彼此保持一致，
如：One must do one' s best to increase production.
Everybody talked at the tap of his/their voice.
If anyone calls, tell him I' 11 be back in a moment. (him也可用him or her代替)
在寫(xiě)作中，如果表示不定的人，可以用you, we, one等，需要注意的是：同一篇文章中，只用同一個(gè)不定代詞，而且所有格要與其一致。
考研英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)：獨(dú)立主格
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞或代詞加上其他成分(分詞、不定式、名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語(yǔ))構(gòu)成。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，所以在語(yǔ)法上不是句子。但多有名詞或代詞表示的邏輯主語(yǔ)，分詞或不定式表示的邏輯謂語(yǔ)，有時(shí)還有其他修飾成分。(判斷一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是否是句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是看看這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是否有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。)這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句子中起方式、時(shí)間、原因、條件等狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句的作用，主要用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)。使用動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為句子形式(從句):獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)加上連詞，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，這樣就成為從句了。
例如:
Today being Sunday, the library isn' t open.今天星期天，圖書(shū)館不開(kāi)放。
(原因)改為從句:
As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn' t open.
例如:
There being no buses，we had to take a taxi. 沒(méi)有汽車(chē)了，我們只好坐出租車(chē)了。
Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.
The signal given，the bus started.信號(hào)發(fā)出后，公共汽車(chē)就啟動(dòng)了。
(時(shí)間)改為從句:
After the signal was given, the bus started.
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，sword in hand.少年跟那個(gè)人到這里，并爬了進(jìn)來(lái)，手里拿著劍。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，and had a sword in his hand.
The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考試結(jié)束了，兩個(gè)月之后進(jìn)行期末考試.
The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later.
Weather permitting, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天氣允許的話，我們就去參觀長(zhǎng)城。
If weather permits, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.
The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那個(gè)人到這里，并爬了進(jìn)來(lái)，手里拿著劍。(伴隨狀語(yǔ))
上文例句中sword in hand是由“名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成，表示伴隨的情況。這種表示伴隨情的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)可以用with
引出，二者的意思是一樣的，with結(jié)構(gòu)更加口語(yǔ)話，更加常用。
She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含著淚水，離開(kāi)了辦公室。
The teacher walked into the classroom, with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.老師胳膊底下挾著一把尺子，手里拿著幾本書(shū)，走進(jìn)了教室。
The teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.
Tian' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on.華燈齊放，天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)顯得美麗動(dòng)人。
With the boy leading the way, we found his house with no difficulty.由這孩子領(lǐng)路，我們毫不費(fèi)勁地找到他的家。
With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他給我們帶頭，我們對(duì)一定能搞好。
1、指出下列句子中的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu):
1) My work having been finished, I went home.
---My work having been finished
2)The woman sat smiling, surrounded by her flowers, a faraway look in her eyes.
---A faraway look in her eyes
3) My watch having been lost, I didn' t know what time it was.
---My watch having been lost
4) He came into the room, his face red with cold.
--- his face red with cold
5) There an elderly patient was sitting in her wheelchair alone, head bowed, her back to most of the others.
--- Head bowed. her back to mast of the others
6) A man came in, his face hidden by an upturned coat collar and a cap pulled law over his brow.
--- His face hidden by an upturned…….
2、 用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)改正下列句子:
1) Being cold, he put on his overcoat.
---It being cold, …
2) Being no bus, we had to walk home.
--- There being no bus, ...
3) Getting colder, same birds are flying away to the south.
--- It getting colder, ...
4) Being ill, Mr. Li taught the lesson in place of Mr. Wang.
--- Mr. Wang being ill, Mr. Li taught..
5) Asia is the largest continent, being about 43 million square kilometer.
---…，its size (area) being about 43….
3、 用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)將括號(hào)內(nèi)的漢語(yǔ)譯成英語(yǔ)填空:
1)Bing Bing entered the room, _____ (手里拿著一個(gè)大蘋(píng)果).
---- (with) a big apple in his hand.
2) _____(下課了)，the children ran out of the class room.
---The class being over
3) The little girl waited at the bus stop for a long time, _____(鼻子凍得通紅).
---her nose red with cold
4) Here comes the Shanghai train, _____ (從福州來(lái)的火車(chē))
---the Fuzhou train to come half an hour later.
5) He was doing his homework._____ (他的父親坐在旁邊)
6) ____(誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有什么可說(shuō)的), the meeting was closed.
-----Nobody having any more to say.
By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. 到2008年9月，北京將舉行完了奧運(yùn)會(huì)。
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