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四六級(jí)作文習(xí)作綱要
無論是在學(xué)校還是在社會(huì)中,大家都寫過作文吧,作文是一種言語活動(dòng),具有高度的綜合性和創(chuàng)造性。作文的注意事項(xiàng)有許多,你確定會(huì)寫嗎?以下是小編幫大家整理的四六級(jí)作文習(xí)作綱要,供大家參考借鑒,希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
一、審題立意
大學(xué)英語四六級(jí)作文的題型一般是標(biāo)題作文、主題句作文或情景、圖表作文等等,去年四級(jí)作文考試有書信和記敘文,但基本都屬于命題作文范疇。對(duì)于命題作文,審題立意是寫好作文至關(guān)重要的一步。所謂審題,就是要看清題意,確定文章的中心思想和主題,并圍繞中心思想組織材料。也就是通過分析作文題給出的標(biāo)題、主題旬或情景,找出關(guān)鍵詞或中心詞,明確寫作要求,是寫哪方面的內(nèi)容,既包括題材上的要求,也包括體裁上的要求.如果不審題就隨便下筆,想一句寫一句,內(nèi)容離題,即使再好的再華麗的再精心構(gòu)思的詞句表達(dá)也無濟(jì)于事.另一方面,四六級(jí)寫作的目的是測(cè)試學(xué)生用英語書面表達(dá)思想的初步能力,并不是測(cè)試你母語創(chuàng)作能力,而且為了便于作文評(píng)卷有一盡量統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),出題方式無論怎樣變化,四六級(jí)作文都可以歸納為三段式,有的甚至給出三段的段首句。其目的就是讓學(xué)生們?cè)诮y(tǒng)一主題下的寫作要點(diǎn)、思維和方式盡可能地同一化和統(tǒng)一化。鑒于此,我們應(yīng)清楚四六級(jí)寫作沒有太大的自由發(fā)揮空間。在構(gòu)思段落之前一定要仔細(xì)斟酌標(biāo)題、主題句和段首字,找出關(guān)鍵詞從而確定寫作的方向和范圍,而且還應(yīng)記住要盡量縮小這個(gè)范圍,不能脫離要求任意展開,那樣屬于跑題。
二、段落構(gòu)思
文章的段落,是文章的基本組成部分,一篇好的文章需要精心的段落構(gòu)思和合理的段落安排,根據(jù)不同的題材確定不同的段落寫作順序.四六級(jí)作文從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,一般由三部分組成:引言部分;展開部分;結(jié)尾部分,而且每段往往只有一個(gè)主題,段中各支持句圍繞明確的主題,層層展開論證并服務(wù)于主題句。整篇文章也是層層推進(jìn),環(huán)環(huán)相扣,條理分明,完整統(tǒng)一。下面進(jìn)一步說明每一部分的具體寫作技巧與要求:首先,引言部分,文章開頭很重要,關(guān)系到全篇文章,一定要認(rèn)真考慮好如何寫好第一句。一般緊扣主題,開門見山,直接入題。如果已給出段首句,則要考慮如何跟開頭連接好.在實(shí)際寫作中,主要有以下幾種開頭方式。定義法。即用一句話或幾句話來解放說明題中的關(guān)鍵詞,給出關(guān)鍵詞的定義。多用于給出一簡(jiǎn)單題目的標(biāo)題作文。直接切入主題。也就是直截了當(dāng)?shù)亟沂疚恼碌闹黝}或?qū)懽髟,如已給出每一段的中文提示,可直接翻譯提示中每一段的中心思想,作為開頭.提問法。用疑問句或設(shè)問句開頭,緊接著提出自己對(duì)這個(gè)問題的看法或直接點(diǎn)明主題,這種方法如果使用得當(dāng),能夠激起讀者往下讀的興趣,以便找出答案.以故事背景開頭,交待時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物及背景,然后在這個(gè)背景下引出正文.這種方法多用于記敘文,使讀者一開始就產(chǎn)生鮮明視覺形象。引用法.即引用名人名言或諺語等作為文章的開頭,指出閱讀的內(nèi)容范圍。
其次,主題部分,篇章寫作不僅應(yīng)層次清楚,而且主次也要分明。任何文章都有主體部分,即文章的精華部分,寫主體段應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)要求。
要緊扣開頭段提出的主題思想,突出中心.圍繞主題句用一組意思連貫而且完整的句子展開文章,切記各展開句是能起到說明、支持或闡述主題的句子并服務(wù)于主題,全文保持統(tǒng)一性,也就是我們通常所說的“切題”。主體段取材必須精練典型,系統(tǒng)而完整。根據(jù)內(nèi)容需要和字?jǐn)?shù)的規(guī)定,確定要點(diǎn)的詳與略后,選擇正確的、典型的、具有說服力的事實(shí)、例子、數(shù)據(jù)和論據(jù)等說明解釋并擴(kuò)充主題.主體段要與開頭段和結(jié)尾段有內(nèi)在的必然歸宿,要順其自然地過渡,使用好承上啟下的連接詞或句子,防止突然轉(zhuǎn)折.另外,主體段的句與句之間也要逐步展開,通順連貫,符合一定的邏輯關(guān)系。
最后,結(jié)尾部分
文章如何結(jié)尾關(guān)系到寫作的成敗。好的結(jié)尾不僅在形式上起到面龍點(diǎn)睛的效果,而且在內(nèi)容上讀者明其宗旨,解其寓意.一般結(jié)尾段的寫法有以下幾種;
總結(jié)式,即在上文所述事實(shí)和論據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)全文進(jìn)行歸納、總結(jié)得出結(jié)論,使讀者對(duì)文章的主題或作者的觀點(diǎn)有個(gè)更完整而清晰的理解。首尾呼應(yīng)式,即對(duì)引言段所提出的同題給出解決方案,作到首尾呼應(yīng),主題突出,結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱,使讀者對(duì)提出的問題有了明確的答案.提問式,這種結(jié)尾形式可以引起讀者的思考。并起到強(qiáng)調(diào)主題的作用.展望式,也就是要提出作者的希望、號(hào)召或表示信心和決心,使讀者受鼓舞.引語式,引用名人名言,諺語俗語做文章的結(jié)尾,使文章更具說服力.
三、語言表達(dá)
四六級(jí)作文評(píng)分的原則之一就是要從內(nèi)容和語言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判.內(nèi)容和語言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體,作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,而內(nèi)容要通過語言來表達(dá)。
(一)詞法層次
英語詞匯一詞多義和同義詞現(xiàn)象非常普遍,外延相同而內(nèi)涵不同的詞數(shù)量很多.許多學(xué)生只知其表面意思,不了解詞語的深層的文化以及感情色彩等,出現(xiàn)用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤.比如: “1 was grieved to hear that your father kicked thebucket”.這個(gè)句子中的“kick the bucket”雖然指死亡,但它是一個(gè)貶義詞,用在此旬不合適,應(yīng)改為。pass away”。單詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤較多,漏用詞語以及搭配有誤現(xiàn)象比比皆是。如一學(xué)生想要表達(dá)這樣一句話:一流的旅館對(duì)旅游者不可抗拒的吸引力。他這樣寫到:
The first--rate hotels give people an irresistible attraction.
The first—rate hotels have an irresistible attraction fortourists.
(二)句法層次
句子中語法錯(cuò)誤太多,包括時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣以及主謂一致等,如果這些成份的一致關(guān)系弄錯(cuò)會(huì)使句子邏輯混亂,意義含糊不清.例如:
In college,students should learn tO analyze and solveproblems on their own.Try to help them to acquire this ability.應(yīng)改為:In college,students should learn to analyze andsolve problems on their own.The teacher should help themto acquire this ability.
句式單一不變.這是目前一般大學(xué)生寫作中出現(xiàn)的普遍問題,整篇文章都是一連串簡(jiǎn)單句的羅列,句型沒有變化.如果能恰如其分地變化旬式,長(zhǎng)短句交錯(cuò)使用,互相補(bǔ)充會(huì)增加語言的表現(xiàn)力。比較下面兩個(gè)句子,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)改過的B句式不僅僅句式復(fù)雜,而且表達(dá)要生動(dòng)有力得多。
A)Many liberal arts graduates are unwilling to acceptwork outside their major interest.If SO they will have diffi—culty finding employment.
B)Unless they are willing to accept work outside theirmajor interest,many liberal arts graduates will have difficul—ty finding employment.
(三)語言的連貫性
文字連貫,語言流暢是寫好作文的基本要求,會(huì)給人以美的享受.而內(nèi)容充實(shí),意思完整是文章連貫流暢的基礎(chǔ),達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)要求學(xué)生有較強(qiáng)的語感和語言功底,需要一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期積累和大量實(shí)踐的過程.通過對(duì)以上寫作方法與技巧的探討,我們不僅了解到其重要性,更應(yīng)付諸實(shí)踐。尤其是教師在實(shí)際教學(xué)中,要加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的語言基本功的訓(xùn)練,將閱讀教學(xué)與寫作培養(yǎng)相結(jié)合.因?yàn)閷懽魇且环N語言的輸出,閱讀是一種輸入,只有大量的輸入才會(huì)有輸出。同時(shí)也要強(qiáng)調(diào)寫作技能的訓(xùn)練和實(shí)踐,采用多種方法調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的寫作積極性。
七類段落
1. 記敘一件事 When and where who did what?
A few days ago, I bought an English-Chinese dictionary at Xinhua bookstore in the downtown area of Xinjiekou. When I went back to look up some new words in the dictionary, I found pages 101 to 150 were missing. So on that afternoon, I returned to the bookstore where I had purchased it and filed a complaint directly to the general manager about the problem.
一次活動(dòng)的安排,旅游的行程都可以套用記敘文模式,注意時(shí)間的推進(jìn),可用明確的時(shí)間幾點(diǎn)幾分,也可用大致的時(shí)間如early in the morning/at noon/in the afternoon/evening/at night, 還可用First…Then…At last…如果是發(fā)生過的事,一定要用一般過去時(shí),如果是活動(dòng)安排,須用將來時(shí)。
2. 描述一個(gè)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,如不誠實(shí)、盜版、校園浪費(fèi)等等,要充分利用例證
Dishonesty has been prevalent in our society in recent years. For example, many students cheat to obtain high scores on various exams such as CET for Band 4 or 6. Or businesses and companies produce fake goods or products of inferior quality to reap illegal profits. What is worse, some government officials and corporate leaders are involved in criminal cases of bribery and corruption, abusing the power in their hands. The flood of dishonest phenomena has brought about a harmful effect on our society.
將例子說清楚,盡量用完整句。
3. 分析現(xiàn)象的成因,至少要列出兩個(gè)方面的原因:學(xué)生選擇任課老師時(shí)所考慮的因素、住房產(chǎn)權(quán)變化的原因、國人喜歡過西方節(jié)日的原因,可用列舉法。另外,后果或影響類的段落可用同樣的方式處理。
The popularity of Western festivals in China may be attributed to several factors. On one hand, with China’s opening up to the outside world, many people, young people in particular, have been exposed to foreign cultures, an important part of which are holidays and festivals. On the other hand, business people take advantage of the occasion of celebrating western festivals to promote sales of their products to make much more money than usual. A case in point is Christmas shopping every year.
There are several factors/reasons for …First of all(For one thing)…Secondly(For another)…Lastly(In addition)
4. 提出解決問題的方案,要注意照顧到問題所涉及的方方面面:應(yīng)該怎么做?
To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.
在上面這段關(guān)于食品、飲用水安全的文章中,提到了政府、相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)以及消費(fèi)者三個(gè)方面,而謂語動(dòng)詞分別用了need to do sth.//should do sth.//will have to do a better job of doing sth.可以借鑒,此外還可 It is necessary/imperative/important for sb. to do sth.// It is high time that sb. did 等句型。
5. 描述圖表/變化/趨勢(shì),一定要將變化清楚地表達(dá)出來,考過的作文有產(chǎn)權(quán)變化、出國旅游人數(shù)的增加、飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的變化等。
As is shown in the chart/diagram/picture, there has been a rapid/slow/slight/steady/tremendous/dramatic increase/rise/decrease/fall/drop in the number of tourists traveling abroad in the past decade/from 1995 to 2005. In 1995, only about 10,000 people in X city went to foreign countries. However,//But in 2005, the number had soared to more than XXX, which is X times as much as that of the year XXXX.
From the table/graph/statistics it can be seen/concluded/estimated that the consumption of dairy products and eggs has been/is on the rise. On the contrary/By contrast, the consumption of rice and flour has been/is on the fall/decline. In other words, the diet of urban residents is more balanced and nutritious than ever before.
Those who choose to study overseas account for X percent of the total of high school graduates.
另外,注意增加/減少百分之幾,英文表達(dá)是increase/decrease by X percent, 介詞by 不可或缺。
6. 觀點(diǎn)闡述屬于議論文寫作,通常以介詞On或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should 的題目出現(xiàn),而在給出的提綱中,則通常出現(xiàn)“有些人認(rèn)為”、“在我看來”或“你的看法”這些詞語,要求考生就某個(gè)問題發(fā)表見解,闡明觀點(diǎn)?忌谡撟C的過程中,要區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù),注意邏輯性。近兩年的作文題有一種復(fù)歸趨勢(shì),考生要特別注意。
As the inheritor and distributor of our civilization, we college students should(觀點(diǎn))be fully aware the important role played by the classics in broadening our horizon and shaping our world outlook. Therefore(因果), we should start reading the repertoire of the classics which the greatest minds of all ages have left behind so that(目的) we can have a correct perspective on the world and understand the true meaning of life. In one word(總結(jié)), it is imperative for us to attach great importance to the reading of the classics.
還可用條件、比較、對(duì)比、正反論述、例證、解釋等方式展開段落。
Some suggest/argue that the Spring Festival Gala on CCTV should be canceled because the viewers have had a lot of other means of relaxation which are more colorful and full of more fun. For example, they can take advantage of the holiday to go traveling to some scenic or historic resorts together with the family.
As we all know, it pays to be honest. If we are honest with others, we will win trust and respect from them. But if we deceive others for our own benefits, we will be found out sooner or later and lose our credit and trustworthiness, thereby incurring disrepute and disgrace in the long run.
7. 應(yīng)用文寫作:近些年考過的題目有書信、導(dǎo)游詞、倡議書、招募書、競(jìng)選演說等等,非常靈活,不一而足。實(shí)際上,應(yīng)用文并不難寫,只要注意相對(duì)固定的格式和一些常用的套話即可。如07年6月份的四級(jí)題Welcome to our Club,第一段說明社團(tuán)的活動(dòng)內(nèi)容,第二段列出參加社團(tuán)的好處有哪些,第三段說明加入社團(tuán)的方式,不難看出主體上這是一篇說明文。再如05年六級(jí)的作文題Help Needed要求簡(jiǎn)單介紹病人的病情和家境、目前所面臨的困難,給出捐助的聯(lián)系方式,幾乎與前者如出一轍?忌灰苁炀氄莆丈厦嫠谐龅牧N展開段落的方式,就可以決戰(zhàn)考場(chǎng)、應(yīng)付如裕!
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