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考研英語閱讀理解推理引申題詳解
同學(xué)們在準(zhǔn)備考研的時(shí)候，英語是一大難關(guān)，為了幫助大家順利通關(guān)考研，下面yjbys網(wǎng)小編為大家?guī)砜佳杏⒄Z閱讀理解推理引申題解析，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!
考研英語閱讀理解推理引申題詳解 1
考研英語閱讀理解六大題型中，推理引申題(推理判斷題)主要考查同學(xué)對(duì)段落中心的掌握。"吾將上下而求索"，通過對(duì)考研英語歷年真題的研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)段落中心也有其出現(xiàn)的基本位置及其相應(yīng)的特點(diǎn)，共分為三種：1.段首句;2.段首段中;3.段落首末句。
一、段首句作為段落論點(diǎn)
段首句作為段落論點(diǎn)，其特點(diǎn)是段首句為論點(diǎn)，后面句子內(nèi)容為論據(jù)，論據(jù)用來證明論點(diǎn)，支撐論點(diǎn)。初高中語文閱讀理解及議論文作文的寫作中，同學(xué)學(xué)到的事實(shí)論據(jù)，引用名家名言，名人觀點(diǎn)等論據(jù)同樣適用于英語議論文。基于考研英語閱讀理解四篇文章都是學(xué)術(shù)性議論文的特征，段落里出現(xiàn)的論據(jù)形式通常為數(shù)字論據(jù);表示已經(jīng)存在，已經(jīng)發(fā)生事情的事實(shí)論據(jù)和引用他人觀點(diǎn)的名家名言論據(jù)。段落推斷題的答案選項(xiàng)即為段落中心句的同意替換。
例，And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.(1998，Text 1, para.4)
首句之后，由this week 時(shí)間詞引出了斯洛伐克想要派兵爭奪大壩，直至末句說斯洛伐克為證明自己實(shí)力，需要占有大壩。自首句之后，余下內(nèi)容一直在論述一個(gè)真實(shí)存在的事實(shí)，屬于事實(shí)論據(jù)，證明段落首句"控制水仍在繼續(xù)"。
段首句作為段落論點(diǎn)的情況最常見，頻率也最高。其特點(diǎn)概括為：段落首句是論點(diǎn)，段落論據(jù)是論證，論點(diǎn)論據(jù)不可分。
二、段首段中作為段落論點(diǎn)
段落首句是論點(diǎn)，段落中間出現(xiàn)由But,However等轉(zhuǎn)折詞引導(dǎo)的句子，兩者結(jié)合起來共同作為段落中心論點(diǎn)。轉(zhuǎn)折句引出的論點(diǎn)通常作為段首首句的補(bǔ)充，擴(kuò)充，延續(xù)說明及重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)部分，所以做這類推理判斷題，一定要將段首論點(diǎn)和段中轉(zhuǎn)折提出的論點(diǎn)結(jié)合到一起，才能做到對(duì)段落中心把握到位，把握精準(zhǔn)。
例，The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.(1997，Text 1, para.2)
段首句是論點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槠浜蟮木渥�，由some...other...,結(jié)構(gòu)講述人們對(duì)論點(diǎn)持有不同意見，所以，這一法案的重要性還需要時(shí)間被理解。段中出現(xiàn)由But引導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)折句，引出觀點(diǎn)安樂死之潮流不可逆轉(zhuǎn)，根據(jù)段首論點(diǎn)，進(jìn)一步提出另一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。
段首段中作為段落論點(diǎn)的特點(diǎn)為：段落首句是論點(diǎn)，段中轉(zhuǎn)折是論點(diǎn)，首論中論相輔相成。
三、段落首末句作為段落論點(diǎn)
段落首末句作為段落論點(diǎn)。需要同學(xué)注意的是，尋找段落中心位置時(shí)的優(yōu)先順序，首先讀段首句，發(fā)現(xiàn)存在證明首句論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)時(shí)，確定段首是論點(diǎn)。其次，看段中有沒有轉(zhuǎn)折，如果沒有，再看末句，看是否是首句論點(diǎn)的進(jìn)一步延伸或補(bǔ)充論點(diǎn)。
例，Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And well hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.(2003，Text 1, para.4)
段落首句是論點(diǎn)，反推可知，其后緊跟的.句子是喬治說的兩句話，論據(jù)為名人觀點(diǎn)，加之論述上周公司情況，這一事實(shí)論據(jù)。末句引出開放資源存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，很難判斷信息的正誤，好壞---這也正是公司安身立命之處。末句根據(jù)首句論點(diǎn)"信息的收集與發(fā)布的工具"，進(jìn)一步提出"判斷這些信息正誤好壞"的論點(diǎn)。
推理引申題的解題，最好是首先依照優(yōu)先順序找準(zhǔn)段落中心句，根據(jù)同意替換，選出正確選項(xiàng)，同學(xué)們在平時(shí)練習(xí)中，要有這種意識(shí)，有意識(shí)地去段落三個(gè)基本位置找中心句，選出同意替換句。
考研英語閱讀理解推理引申題詳解 2
在考研英語閱讀理解中，推理引申題是一類頗具難度且區(qū)分度較高的題型，它主要考查考生進(jìn)行有關(guān)判斷、推理和引申的能力，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。此類題型不僅需要考生具備扎實(shí)的語言基礎(chǔ)，能夠準(zhǔn)確理解文章中的詞匯、語法和句子結(jié)構(gòu)，還要求考生具備較強(qiáng)的邏輯思維能力，能夠從字里行間捕捉關(guān)鍵信息，并進(jìn)行合理的推斷。在考研英語大綱對(duì)閱讀能力的考查要求中，推理引申題對(duì)應(yīng)著 “進(jìn)行有關(guān)判斷、推理和引申” 這一要點(diǎn)，其重要性不言而喻。
一、題型特點(diǎn)與提問方式
（一）題型特點(diǎn)
推理引申題的答案通常不會(huì)在原文中直接給出，而是需要考生通過對(duì)原文信息的分析、歸納、推理，才能得出正確答案。這類題目涉及的內(nèi)容較為廣泛，可能包括文章的細(xì)節(jié)、段落主旨、文章主旨、作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度等。選項(xiàng)往往具有一定的迷惑性，有些選項(xiàng)看似與原文內(nèi)容相符，但實(shí)際上可能存在過度推理、推理不合理或與原文相悖等問題。
�。ǘ┏Ｒ娞釂柗绞�
It can be inferred from the text/paragraph X that...
We can infer/learn from the text/paragraph X that...
What can be inferred about... from the text/paragraph X?
The author implies/suggests in paragraph X that...
It is implied/suggested in the text/paragraph X that...
Which of the following can be inferred from the text/paragraph X?
The passage/author implies that...
It can be concluded from the text/paragraph X that...
例如：It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _. （2014 年考研英語一閱讀理解真題）
二、解題步驟與方法
（一）精準(zhǔn)定位
首先，仔細(xì)閱讀題干，確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，如人名、地名、數(shù)字、年份、大寫字母縮寫、引號(hào)里的單詞等，以及具有實(shí)際意義的名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等。然后，依據(jù) “題文同序原則”（即題目出現(xiàn)的先后順序和答案信息在原文中出現(xiàn)的順序大體一致），帶著關(guān)鍵詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，找到與題干相關(guān)的段落或句子。這一步至關(guān)重要，定位準(zhǔn)確與否直接影響到后續(xù)推理的正確性。
�。ǘ┓治鲈男畔�
找到定位信息后，認(rèn)真分析該部分原文的內(nèi)容。對(duì)于句子，要理解其語法結(jié)構(gòu)和語義；對(duì)于段落，要把握其主旨和邏輯關(guān)系。注意文中的轉(zhuǎn)折詞（如 but、however、yet 等）、因果關(guān)系詞（如 because、for、since、as、thus、therefore、so 等）、對(duì)比關(guān)系詞（如 while、whereas 等）等，這些詞往往能夠揭示句子之間、段落之間的邏輯聯(lián)系，為推理提供重要線索。同時(shí)，要關(guān)注文中的細(xì)節(jié)信息，這些細(xì)節(jié)可能是推理的依據(jù)。
�。ㄈ┖侠硗评硪�
在理解原文信息的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)題干的要求進(jìn)行合理的推理引申。推理過程要基于原文，不能主觀臆斷，不能過度推理。一般來說，推理的方法有以下幾種：
歸納推理：對(duì)原文中多個(gè)具體事例或細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)，得出一般性的結(jié)論。例如，如果原文中提到在不同地區(qū)都出現(xiàn)了某種現(xiàn)象，那么可以歸納出這種現(xiàn)象具有一定的普遍性。
演繹推理：根據(jù)文章中給出的一般性原理或規(guī)律，推導(dǎo)出關(guān)于具體事例的結(jié)論。比如，文章中提到某類事物具有某種特征，而題干所問的對(duì)象屬于該類事物，那么可以推斷出該對(duì)象也具有這種特征。
根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推理：利用原文中的因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行推理。例如，已知原因可以推斷結(jié)果，已知結(jié)果可以反推原因；通過對(duì)比兩個(gè)事物的不同特點(diǎn)，可以推斷出它們在其他方面的差異等。
�。ㄋ模┖Y選選項(xiàng)
將推理得出的結(jié)論與各個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對(duì)比，篩選出符合推理結(jié)果的選項(xiàng)。在篩選過程中，要注意選項(xiàng)的表述是否準(zhǔn)確、合理，是否與原文信息相符。對(duì)于那些與原文相悖、過度推理、無中生有的選項(xiàng)，要果斷排除。
與原文相悖的'選項(xiàng)：選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與原文所表達(dá)的意思完全相反，這種選項(xiàng)很容易判斷，直接排除。
過度推理的選項(xiàng)：選項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出了原文所提供信息的范圍，進(jìn)行了不合理的延伸。例如，原文只是說某種方法在一定程度上有效，而選項(xiàng)卻得出該方法可以完全解決問題的結(jié)論，這就是過度推理。
無中生有的選項(xiàng)：選項(xiàng)中提到的內(nèi)容在原文中根本沒有依據(jù)，完全是憑空編造的。遇到這種選項(xiàng)，也應(yīng)立即排除。
三、真題實(shí)例分析
�。ㄒ唬╊}目
（2015 年考研英語一閱讀理解 Text 2）
27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that the Alien and Sedition Acts _.
A. violated the Constitution
B. undermined the states’ interests
C. supported the federal statute
D. stood in favor of the states
�。ǘ┰南嚓P(guān)內(nèi)容
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician - assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician - assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries - old moral principle holding that an action having two effects - a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen - is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted - suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician - assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two - volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end - of - life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital - based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well - meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician - assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician - assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries - old moral principle holding that an action having two effects - a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen - is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted - suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician - assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two - volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end - of - life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital - based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well - meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”
The Alien and Sedition Acts, passed in 1798, empowered the president to deport aliens and made it a crime for foreigners to “speak, write, or print any false, scandalous, and malicious writing” against the government. The acts were controversial, and some argued that they violated the First Amendment, which protects freedom of speech. However, the Supreme Court has never directly ruled on the constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
（三）解題過程
定位：根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 “Paragraph 3” 和 “the Alien and Sedition Acts”，快速定位到原文第三段中關(guān)于 “The Alien and Sedition Acts” 的描述。
分析原文信息：原文提到 “The Alien and Sedition Acts... some argued that they violated the First Amendment, which protects freedom of speech.”，即有人認(rèn)為《客籍法和懲治叛亂法》違反了保護(hù)言論自由的第一修正案。
推理引申：因?yàn)榈谝恍拚甘敲绹鴳椃ǖ囊徊糠�，所以可以合理推斷出《客籍法和懲治叛亂法》被認(rèn)為違反了憲法。
篩選選項(xiàng)：
A 選項(xiàng) “violated the Constitution”（違反了憲法），與我們推理得出的結(jié)論一致，當(dāng)選。
B 選項(xiàng) “undermined the states’ interests”（損害了各州的利益），原文未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容，屬于無中生有，排除。
C 選項(xiàng) “supported the federal statute”（支持聯(lián)邦法規(guī)），與原文中關(guān)于該法案有爭議且被認(rèn)為違反憲法的描述相悖，排除。
D 選項(xiàng) “stood in favor of the states”（有利于各州），原文沒有相關(guān)依據(jù)，排除。
四、注意事項(xiàng)
（一）立足原文，避免主觀臆斷
推理引申題的答案必須基于原文信息，考生不能憑借自己的主觀想法或常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷。有些選項(xiàng)可能符合我們的日常認(rèn)知，但如果在原文中找不到依據(jù)，就不能作為正確答案。一定要緊扣原文，以原文為出發(fā)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行推理。
�。ǘ┳⒁馔评淼暮侠硇�
推理過程要符合邏輯，不能過度推理。過度推理往往會(huì)使答案偏離原文的本意，導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。要把握好推理的度，從原文提供的信息出發(fā)，進(jìn)行合理的推斷。
�。ㄈ╆P(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)，避免忽略關(guān)鍵信息
文中的細(xì)節(jié)信息對(duì)于推理至關(guān)重要，一些看似不起眼的詞匯、短語或句子，可能就是解題的關(guān)鍵。在閱讀原文時(shí)，要仔細(xì)分析每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，不要遺漏任何重要信息。同時(shí)，要注意細(xì)節(jié)之間的聯(lián)系，通過對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的綜合分析來進(jìn)行推理。
�。ㄋ模┙Y(jié)合文章主旨
推理引申題的答案往往與文章的主旨密切相關(guān)。在解題時(shí)，要將推理結(jié)果與文章主旨進(jìn)行對(duì)比，看是否符合文章的整體邏輯和作者的意圖。如果選項(xiàng)與文章主旨相悖，那么很可能是錯(cuò)誤的。
總之，考研英語閱讀理解推理引申題雖然具有一定難度，但只要考生掌握了正確的解題方法和技巧，多加練習(xí)，提高自己的閱讀理解能力和邏輯思維能力，就能夠在這類題目上取得較好的成績。在備考過程中，要注重分析真題，總結(jié)規(guī)律，不斷積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)，逐步提高自己的解題水平。
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