托福閱讀列舉題的解題技巧

　　列舉題，也叫排除列舉題，ETS稱(chēng)之為“否定事實(shí)信息題”(negative factual information question)。基本形式如下：

　　According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?

　　The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT

　　列舉題的解題技巧

　　列舉題的基本思路是排除，排除與原文相符的`選項(xiàng)，與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)或原文未提到的選項(xiàng)是正確答案。注意問(wèn)題中的否定詞Not 和EXCEPT。

　　1.列舉題的解題步驟

　　1)看題干找關(guān)鍵詞

　　問(wèn)題中有關(guān)鍵詞的，可以根據(jù)它定位，然后將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與定位的地方進(jìn)行比較。如果沒(méi)有關(guān)鍵詞，可以先定位于上一個(gè)問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)的段落之后的段落。

　　2)閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)

　　題干中沒(méi)有線(xiàn)索的，可以閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，總結(jié)其中的共同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行定位，或者根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞一一進(jìn)行定位。

　　3)排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng)

　　將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文比較以后，排除其中符合原文意思的選項(xiàng)，剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，或者與原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正確答案。例如，

　　The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.

　　All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT

　　the capacity to create shade

　　leaves containing tannin

　　the ability to withstand mild droughts and fire

　　the large number of acorns the tree produces

　　本題對(duì)應(yīng)第七段(見(jiàn)上文)，其中前三個(gè)選項(xiàng)所說(shuō)的條件(從第四句開(kāi)始)都對(duì)oak tree的長(zhǎng)壽有利，而第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)所說(shuō)的“acorns的數(shù)量”并未與oak tree的壽命直接聯(lián)系在一起，因此為正確答案。

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