高一英語定語從句
定語從句用來充當(dāng)句中定語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu);它主要用于修飾句子中的名詞、代詞。以下是小編整理的高一英語定語從句，希望對大家有所幫助。
而定語從句的位置常常是緊跟在被修飾的名詞、代詞的后面。在被修飾的名詞、代詞與定語從句之間往往有一個(gè)關(guān)系詞將其前后兩部分聯(lián)系成一個(gè)整體，或是構(gòu)成一個(gè)名詞短語;或是構(gòu)成一個(gè)代詞短語。但從結(jié)構(gòu)上說，關(guān)系詞與從句是一個(gè)整體。排除句子的其他各部分，這種帶有定語從句的名詞短語或是代詞短語的構(gòu)成可演示如下：
1)three signs that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack
三種意味著一個(gè)人是患有驚恐癥而不是心臟病的跡象在這個(gè)帶有定語從句的名詞短語中：
signs是：被修飾的名詞;
that是：關(guān)系詞;
that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack是定語從句
2)those who drink a lot 那些大量飲酒的人在這個(gè)帶有定語從句的代詞短語中：
those是：被修飾的名詞;
who是：關(guān)系詞;
who drink a lot是：定語從句通過上面的演示,我們可以歸納出定語從句在句子中的位置、結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
被修飾的名詞 / 代詞 + 關(guān)系詞 + 句子 (其中，"被修飾的名詞/代詞"在語法叫作"先行詞".)
要點(diǎn)提示：
1)"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"之間實(shí)質(zhì)上是互等、互換的關(guān)系。也就是說，關(guān)系詞的作用就是將先行詞所表達(dá)意義"代到"從句中來起作用。例如：
They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations (先行詞)where (關(guān)系詞)people normally would not be afraid .
他們常在人們一般不會(huì)感到害怕的情況下卻很容易感到恐懼或是感到不自在。
(本句中的關(guān)系詞where = 先行詞(in)situations 。如果把這個(gè)復(fù)合句拆成兩個(gè)分句，那就是：
They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations
people normally would not be afraid in situations 由此可以看出，"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"之間實(shí)質(zhì)上是互等、互換的關(guān)系)。 又例如：
Rude people are those (先行詞) whose (關(guān)系詞)behavior shows little respect
for the rules(先行詞) that(關(guān)系詞) the majority follows .
不講禮貌的人是指那些，他們的行為對大多數(shù)人所遵從的規(guī)則并不表示尊敬的人。
由此我們還可以看出，"先行詞"往往是分別重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)分句中的名詞或代詞。這也就是我們做定語從句的條件之必需。否則，"關(guān)系詞"就無法去替代"先行詞"而構(gòu)筑定語從句了。這個(gè)道理就如同我們在計(jì)算機(jī)上"做剪貼以前要先做復(fù)制"一樣。)
2)"先行詞"的意義決定"關(guān)系詞"的選擇"關(guān)系詞"的選擇往往是由"先行詞"自身表達(dá)的意義，以及它在從句中的語法的功能而決定的。
這個(gè)意思就是說，假如"先行詞"自身表達(dá)的意義是表示"人的意義"或是"物的意義"，那么我們就相應(yīng)地選擇表示"人的意義"或是"物的意義"的"先行詞"。"先行詞" 在從句中的語法的功能也是決定"關(guān)系詞"選擇的重要條件。比如說，同樣都是表示"人的意義"的"先行詞"，如果它在從句中作主語，"關(guān)系詞"就得用表示"人的意義"的主格形式，如果它在從句中作定語，"關(guān)系詞"就得用表示"人的意義"的所有格形式。另外，有時(shí)"先行詞"本身是表示事物的名詞，而它在從句中卻與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，在這種情況下，我們就應(yīng)該用"關(guān)系副詞"而不能用"關(guān)系代詞"了。例如：
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields .
有些在語言學(xué)習(xí)上很有成就的人,在其他領(lǐng)域常常一無所成。
In our class , we have some students whose families are not in Wuhan.
我們班上有些家不在武漢市的同學(xué)。
There are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words .
有許多聲音有意義但不是詞。
Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class .
如果把這個(gè)復(fù)合句拆成兩個(gè)分句，那就是：
tell him to go to the classroom .We often have our English class in the classroom )
告訴他去我們常上英語課的那間教室。
(一) 關(guān)系詞
從前面的討論中我們可以清楚地看出，關(guān)系詞在定語從句的構(gòu)成里是至關(guān)重要的。我們甚至可以說，掌握不好關(guān)系詞就無法做成定語從句，也無法理解文中帶有定語從句部分的意思。因此，我們首先討論一下關(guān)系詞的有關(guān)問題。
定語從句中的關(guān)系詞只有兩類：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞;沒有連詞。也就是說，定語從句中的所有關(guān)系詞不但都有具體的意義而且都在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。
1)關(guān)系代詞：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。
who用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作主語;在現(xiàn)代英語里，也可取代whom在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語。例如：
I have no idea about the man who wrote the article .
我不認(rèn)識(shí)寫這篇文章的那個(gè)人。
The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .
whom 用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語。在現(xiàn)代英語里，如果whom在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語，它與who可以通用;但是如果whom在從句中作介詞的賓語，那么就只能用whom而不能與who通用了。當(dāng)然，如果在口語或非正式文體中，介詞沒有提前，也就沒有這點(diǎn)要求了。例如：
Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ?
剛才和你說話的那個(gè)女孩子是誰?
Yesterday, I happened to meet , in the shopping center , the professor who ( whom ) I got to know at a party .
昨天在購物中心，我碰巧遇見了那位我在一次聚會(huì)上認(rèn)識(shí)的教授。
They are looking for the patient on whom doctors just performed an operation . 他們正在尋找那位醫(yī)生剛剛給他做過手術(shù)的病人。
(句中的關(guān)系代詞whom代替the patient ，在從句中作介詞on的賓語，而且介詞on提到關(guān)系代詞的前面，所以who 和whom就絕不可以通用了，此處只能用whom 。)
Who is the girl to who (whom) you talked just now ? (錯(cuò)誤)
(句中的關(guān)系代詞whom(who)代替the girl ，在從句中作介詞to的賓語，但是由于介詞to已提到了關(guān)系代詞的前面,who 和whom就絕不可以通用了,所以如果還繼續(xù)使用who句子就錯(cuò)了。此處只能用whom 。)
whose 用于代替"表示人或物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作定語，往往與它所修飾的名詞一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)名詞短語在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。Whose常表達(dá)"某人的、某物的"之意。例如：
Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?
你知道她的哥哥與你同寢室的那位女孩的名字嗎?
Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor.
沸點(diǎn)在攝氏100度的水無色、無味。
which 用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語、賓語。例如：
Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .
那些全新的或是來自國外的觀點(diǎn)或許也很難被接受。
I've got a novel which you may like to read .
我弄到一本你或許想看的小說。
That was a fault which could not be forgiven . 那是不能饒恕的錯(cuò)誤。
that 既用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，也用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞;在從句中既可以作主語，也可以作謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語，但是不能作介詞的賓語。在一定范圍內(nèi)，that = who / whom / which 。例如：
Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .
那些全新的或是來自國外的觀點(diǎn)或許也很難被接受。
Salaried people that ( who) earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government .工薪在幾千美元以上的人必須將工資中的一定百分比交付給聯(lián)邦政府。
Who is the girl to that you talked just now ? (錯(cuò)誤)
要點(diǎn)提示：
定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;如果關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語可以省略。例如：
This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday .
這就是你昨天找的那本書。
I don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading .
我不喜歡你看的這本小說。
Who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ?
你們談?wù)摰哪莻�(gè)人是誰?
定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon .
(先行詞Those是復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞who也就看作是復(fù)數(shù)，所以從句的謂語動(dòng)詞就用了復(fù)數(shù)形式are了。)請那些年齡在四十幾歲的人于今天下午去進(jìn)行體檢。
This is the magazine which was sent to me by post .
(先行詞the magazine是單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞which也就看作是單數(shù)，所以從句的謂語動(dòng)詞就用了單數(shù)形式was sent) 這是通過郵局寄給我的雜志。
關(guān)系代詞that 和which的區(qū)別
that 和which在一般情況都可以用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語、賓語。但在下列情況下一般只用that而不用which ：
-- 先行詞本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代詞時(shí)，例如：
Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy .
任何能夠燃燒的東西都是熱能源。
There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事。
They had nothing that could cure of his disease .他們沒有一點(diǎn)能治愈他疾病的東西了。
-- 先行詞已有序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級或the last, the only等作定語時(shí)，例如：
This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 這是以前從未上演過的最有感染力的電視劇。
That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。
We have to consider the first thing that starts our work .
我們必須要考慮啟動(dòng)我們工作的第一件事。
然而，在下列情況下卻只用which而不用that：
-- 當(dāng)先行詞表示事物意義，并且在從句中作介詞的賓語，那么就只能用which 。當(dāng)然，如果在口語或非正式文體中，介詞沒有提前，也就沒有這點(diǎn)要求了。例如：
The world in which we live is made of matter .
我們生活于其中的世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow .
洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。
The world that we live in is made of matter.
(正確。因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞雖然在從句中作介詞的賓語，但是介詞沒有提前，所以沒有這點(diǎn)要求。)
我們生活于其中的世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。
The world in that we live is made of matter.
(錯(cuò)誤。因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞的賓語，而且介詞已經(jīng)提前，所以必須遵從這點(diǎn)要求。)
-- 在非限定性定語從句(關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)隨后就要講解)中，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞表示事物意義時(shí), 只能用which 。這是語法所規(guī)定的，沒有任何解釋。例如：
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .
太陽給予大地?zé)�，這就使植物的生長成為可能。
The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最重要的能源形式是電能，它廣泛地運(yùn)用于我們的日常生活之中。
-- as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句、非限定性定語從句。例如：限定性定語從句 (常用于such … as和the same … as 等句式中)
Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem .
你提到的這些方面在解決這個(gè)問題上的確很重要。
People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays .
你描述的這種人現(xiàn)在很少見了。
This computer has the same functions as that one has .
這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)有著和那臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)一樣的功能。
非限定性定語從句 (as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)，as是指全句：也就是說，將整個(gè)主句看成一件事或是一個(gè)事實(shí);并對其進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。這種非限定性定語從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。)
As I know , she hasn't got married . 如我所知，她還未結(jié)婚。
They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.
可以預(yù)料，他們在比賽中得了第一。
Professor Li is extremely popular among students , as is known to all of us . 如我們大家所知，李教授極受學(xué)生們的歡迎。
2)關(guān)系副詞：when , where , why 等。在定語從句，關(guān)系副詞 = 介詞 + which 。也就是說，每個(gè)關(guān)系副詞里本身就已經(jīng)含有了一個(gè)介詞：when = 在什么時(shí)候，where = 在什么地方，why = 為什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪個(gè)具體的介詞，就得依具體情況而定了。
when 代替表示時(shí)間的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語,例如：
People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland .
人們會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)記住香港和澳門回歸祖國的那一時(shí)刻。
He came at a time when we needed help . 他在我們需要人幫忙的時(shí)候來了。
We don't know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . 我們不知道英語晚會(huì)舉行的確切時(shí)間。
where 代替表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語。例如：
The place where we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.我們舉行演講比賽的地點(diǎn)還未定下來。
He is living in a newly-built house where there used to be a pond . 他現(xiàn)在居住的新房是原先一個(gè)池塘的舊址。
That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams .
那是一座我曾經(jīng)在那兒有過許多夢想的美麗的校園。
why 代替表示原因的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語。例如：
He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy .
他沒有告訴她為什么他那么高興的原因。
The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .
她遲到的原因不那么令人接受。
They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before .
他們向我們解釋為什么他們以前誤解了我們的原因。
介詞+關(guān)系代詞
在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞若是表示人的意義，就只能用whom ;關(guān)系代詞若是表示事物的意義，就只能用which 。而這種結(jié)構(gòu)中較難解決的問題是介詞的選擇問題，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)問題的解決取決于多種因素：
A)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配B)名詞與介詞的搭配C)形容詞與介詞的搭配，等等�？傊缽木涞木唧w需要而定。例如：
A)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配
He has found a good job for which he is qualified .( qualify + 名詞+ for "使…具有…資格" )他找到了一份他能勝任的工作。
The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow . ( talk to + 名詞 "與某人談話" ) 你剛才與他談話的那個(gè)人明天主持那個(gè)會(huì)議。
He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents .名詞+ rent at + 表示價(jià)格的詞 "某物以某價(jià)格出租" )
他在與房東就那套公寓出租的月租金進(jìn)行磋商。
B)名詞與介詞的搭配
They are still living in the little house in which they've been lived for 15 years . ( in the house "在屋子里" )
他們現(xiàn)在還住在他們已住了15年的那個(gè)小房子里。
We've worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large scale.( by a method通過某種方法) 我們已研制出了一個(gè)能大規(guī)模提高生產(chǎn)的方法。
She didn't realize the extent to which she had been distracted .( to extend "到某種程度" ) 她沒有意識(shí)到她心煩意亂的程度。
C)形容詞與介詞的搭配
The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency . (happy with "對…表示滿意")
老板對其不滿意的那個(gè)秘書將由于她沒有工作效率而被解雇。
I've found the job for which I've been eager for a long time.( eager for "渴望得到…" ) 我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。
He is a learned man with whom we are familiar .
(familiar with 熟悉…)他是一位我們熟悉的有學(xué)識(shí)的人。
2)定語從句的種類
在英文中，有兩種定語從句：限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句。這兩種定語從句在其功能和形式方面都有明顯的區(qū)別：
限定性定語從句
限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊奏，對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會(huì)影響句子意思的完整性;有時(shí)甚至于引起費(fèi)解、誤解。例如：
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .
為了加速他們各自所在國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，熱帶雨林作為有價(jià)值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。
They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。
非限定性定語從句
非限定性定語從句在形式上就與主句很松散，它與主句之間有一個(gè)逗點(diǎn)"，"隔開;它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、說明的作用。有時(shí)也用它來對全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會(huì)影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語從句。另外，非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里，我們往往將其作為一個(gè)分句處理，而不把它作定語翻譯。
例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
(此句中，非限定性定語從句是對先行詞a sphere進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。)
更早之前，巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖，但是他們把它繪制成平盤狀而不是托勒密所采用的球體狀。
The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .
(此句中，三個(gè)非限定性定語從句分別對三個(gè)先行詞：satellites ，computers和television進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。如果去掉這三個(gè)非限定性定語從句，那么句子可簡化為：
The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .)衛(wèi)星能傳輸信息，計(jì)算機(jī)能儲(chǔ)存信息，電視能顯示信息，把這些手段結(jié)合起來可以使每個(gè)家庭都成為教育娛樂的中心。
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .(此句中，非限定性定語從句是對全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明,將全句表達(dá)的意思看成"一件事情)。太陽給予大地?zé)幔@就使植物的生長成為可能。
The old man has a son , who is in the army .(此句中，非限定性定語從句是對先行詞son進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。但本句所傳達(dá)的信息是："這位老人只有一個(gè)兒子" 。如果將此句改寫成限定性定語從句：
The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一個(gè)在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。那么，限定性定語從句就要對先行詞son進(jìn)行限定、修飾。這樣一來，句子所傳達(dá)的.信息就變成了："這位老人有一個(gè)兒子在部隊(duì)工作，還有其他的兒子在干別的工作"。)那位老人有一個(gè)兒子，他在部隊(duì)工作。
知識(shí)過關(guān)
1 Do you still remember the day ___________ I first came to Beijing?
1)A. which B. that C. when D. where 2)A. where B. that C. which D. what
2 I’m going to visit the school _________ my mother taught physics ten years ago.
3 She was not the woman _________ she was before.
A. what B. that C. who D. as
4 In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _________ they could turn for help.
A. whom B. who C. to whom D. from whom
5 A paper plant is __________ paper is made.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
6 They stayed with me for three weeks, __________ they drank all the wine I had.
A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which
7. ---- How do you like the cake? ---- It’s quite different from _________ I had last month.
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
8. The Nile, ___________electricity is produced, no longer destroys villages and crops.
A. which B. from which C. from it D. from that
9. In the 1950s, _________ blacks didn’t have equal rights, a lot of marches took place.
A. when B. that C. which D. from which
10. Bob’s father, ____________, spent four years in Egypt. A. that worked on the project
B. he worked on the project C. who worked on the project D. whom worked on the project
11. The retiring teacher made a speech _________ she thanked the class for the gift.
A. which B. of which C. in which D. that
12. He has to work on Sundays, __________ he does not like.
A. and which B. which C. and when D. when
13.Which of the two cows ______________you keep produces more milk?
A. that B. which C. whom D. when
14. He paid the boy US $10 for washing ten windows, most ___________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least year. A. these B. those C. that D. of which
15. The boys, ___________ could not reach the shelf, went to look for something to stand on.
A. the tall of whom B. the tallest of whom C. the tallest one D. the tallest of them
16. Rabbits make their homes in fields _________ hide their young under bushes or among tall grasses.
A. can where they B. where they can C. where can they D. where can
17. Is this the factory ______ color TV sets are produced? A. that B. which C. in which D. in that
18. Who is that comrade _______ was there? A. whom B. that C. which D. whose
19. This is Mr Smith, __________ I think has something interesting to tell you.
19)A. who B. whom C. which D. whose 20)A. what B. that C. who D. which
20. Mother bought me a dictionary on my birthday, ________made me very happy.
仿真訓(xùn)練
1 She wore a heavy fur coat in such a hot day, ___________ I found quite strange.
1)A. which B. that C. what D. when 2)A. in which B. at which C. of which D. from which
2 China has hundreds of islands,_____________ the largest is Tai wan.
3 We came to a place ____________ they had never paid a visit before.
3)A. to where B. to which C. that D. which 4)A. since B. which C. that D. when
4 It was twelve o’clock ______they finished the work. 5)A. whom B. whoC. when D. because
5 He often helps the students __________ he thinks are not quick at their studies.
6 Is there a restaurant around ____I have something to eat?A. that B. what C. which D. where
7 It was at the school _________ was named after a hero _____________ he spent his childhood.
A. which; that B. where; where C. that; where D. which; where
8 Look at the watch. Don’t you see it is _______ watch ________ Helen lost the other day?
A. as the same; as B. the same; as C. the same; which D. as the same ; that
9 There is a popular belief among parents ___________ schools don’t pay any attention to handwriting.
A. whose B. that C. which D. in which
10 ---- Was _______Bill, _____________ played football well, _________ helped the blind man cross the road? ---- Yes, you are right. He is always ready to help others.
A. it; that; who B. which; that; that C. it; who; that D. who; which; that
11 His sister has become a teacher, ___was what she wanted to be.A. whoB. whatC. thatD. which
12 In the open boat, the four men, _________ was a doctor, met with a storm on the sea.
A. one of which B. one of who C. one of whom D. one of them
13. His glasses, ________ he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
A. which B. from which C. with which D. without which
14. The look, the cover ________ is broken, is not mine. A. of it B. for C. whose D. of which
15 The great trouble he __________ show us how to run the machine _______ him completely tired.
A. what B. which C. that D. all that
16 (1995 上海) In the office I never seem to have time until 5:30 p.m.,__________ many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which time
17. Not only _________ the car he __________ been sold by his son for gambling debts, but also his new house. A. /; has B. has; had C. has; has D. was ; has
18. The theory he’s stuck ________ us that earthquakes can be forecast.
A, to prove to B. to proves to C. proves to D. which proved
19. The high building ______ is a big hotel.
A. we are looking at it B. we looking C. at that we are looking D. we are looking at
20. The baby _________is not hers. A. of that she is taking good care B. who she is taking good care
C. of who she is taking good care D. whom she is taking good care of
21 (2001) The film brought the hours back to me ______ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
1)A. until B. that C. when D. where 2)A. It B. As C. That D. What
22 2001) ________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
23 (1994) The weather turned out to be very good, _____ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
24 (1996) After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town, _______ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
25 (1998) He made another wonderful discovery, ________ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B.which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think which is
26 (1999) --- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
--- Is that the reason_______ you had a few days off? A. whyB. whenC. whatD. where
27 (1992) In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _______ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
28 (1997上海) All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those ________ in the forest .
A. once they grew B. they grew once C. that once grew D. once grew
29. (1999) Carol said the work would be done by October, _____ personally I doubt very much. 30(1993上海)
I don’t like __________ you speak to her. 29)A. it B. that C. when D. which
A. the way B. the in that C. the way which D. the way of which
定語從句基本概念
在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。
被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
定語從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that， which， who(賓格whom，所有格whose)，as 等。
關(guān)系副詞包括where， when， why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作定語從句的重要成分。
定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。
1. 限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號分開，從句不可省去。例如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會(huì)做這樣的事。
2. 非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開，起補(bǔ)充說明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。例如：
The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個(gè)月買的.
注意：非限定性定語從句中不能使用關(guān)系代詞 that。
關(guān)系代詞的用法
1. that
that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語)
2. which
which 用于指物，在句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
3. who， whom
who， whom 用于指人，who 用作主語和表語，whom用作賓語。在口語中，有時(shí)可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English isfromEngland.
經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國人。(who 作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(whom 作賓語)
4. as
�、� 引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時(shí)，指與先行詞相似的人或物，必須用于 such/so...as...或 the same...as...結(jié)構(gòu)中，例如：
Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.
被他提到的這樣的人是誠實(shí)的。
Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.
上學(xué)期我們數(shù)學(xué)老師出了一道我們沒有一個(gè)人會(huì)的數(shù)學(xué)題。
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.
這是和我昨天買的包一樣的包。
�、� 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)，只能修飾句子，可置于被修飾句子后面、前面或主謂之間,翻譯成“正如...那樣”例如：
The earth moves around the sun, as we all know.
As we all know,The earth moves around the sun.
The earth, as we all know, moves around the sun
�、� 在非限制性定語從句中，which和as引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別：
a. which引導(dǎo)的從句不能放在主句前，而as引導(dǎo)的從句則既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，還可以放在主謂之間。
b. as和which都可以指代一個(gè)句子，但as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which則沒有此含義。
c. as 引導(dǎo)的非限定定語從句只能修飾句子，which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句可以修飾句子，也可以修飾名詞。
注意
1. 當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞，介詞放在句末時(shí)，who，whom, that，which可省略，但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.
這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>
Please tell mefromwhom you borrowed the English novel.
請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。
2. 含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中，介詞不可前置，只能放在原來的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for.
這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。
3. 關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況：
�、� 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾，或本身是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一個(gè)通過考試的人。
當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用關(guān)系代詞who。
② 被修飾的先行詞為all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代詞時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用關(guān)系代詞who。
�、� 先行詞被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等詞修飾時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.
這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
注意： 當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用關(guān)系代詞who。例如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attendthe meeting.
王華是我們學(xué)校唯一將會(huì)出席這個(gè)會(huì)議的人。
�、� 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí)，只能用that.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見到的人和一些照片。
�、� 以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句，為避免重復(fù)，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰?
�、� 主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾主語的定語從句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
4. 關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that 的情況：
①先行詞為that， those時(shí)，用which， 而不用that.例如：
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?
�、陉P(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)，用which，而不用that.例如：
This is the room in which he lives.
這是他居住的房間。
�、垡龑�(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，用which， 而不用that.例如：
Tom came back， which made us happy.
湯姆回來了，這使我們很高興。
關(guān)系副詞的用法
1. when指時(shí)間，其先行詞表示時(shí)間，在句中作時(shí)間狀語。例如：
This was the time when he arrived.
這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。(when=at which)
2. where指地點(diǎn)，其先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。例如：
This is the place where he works.
這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。(where=at /in which)
3. why 指原因，其先行詞是原因，起原因狀語作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。(why=for which)
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