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初三英語上冊語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
在平平淡淡的學(xué)習(xí)中，大家最不陌生的就是知識(shí)點(diǎn)吧！知識(shí)點(diǎn)就是一些�？嫉膬�(nèi)容，或者考試經(jīng)常出題的地方。想要一份整理好的知識(shí)點(diǎn)嗎？下面是小編為大家收集的初三英語上冊語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)，歡迎大家分享。
疑問詞+不定式動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)
英語有個(gè)很有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，就是：疑問詞+不定式動(dòng)詞(question word + to-infinitive)。
疑問詞是疑問代詞“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑問副詞“when, where, how, why ”。此外，連接詞“whether”也適用。
“疑問詞+不定式動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五種：
�、女�(dāng)主語，如：
When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.
Where to live is a problem.
How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic.
�、飘�(dāng)賓語，如：
We must know what to say at a meeting.
He could not tell whom to trust.
Do you know how to play bridge?
�、钱�(dāng)補(bǔ)足語，如：
The problem is where to find the financial aid.
The question is who to elect.
�、犬�(dāng)名詞同位語，如：
Tom had no idea which book to read first.
Do you have a rough impression how to do it?
�、僧�(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語，如：
Jim is not sure whose to choose.
Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.
適用于“疑問詞+不定式動(dòng)詞”的動(dòng)詞包括：“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。
有點(diǎn)值得特別注意的是：當(dāng)這結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)賓語時(shí)，它的作用等于名詞分句，例如：
I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.
Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.
有些動(dòng)詞，如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等，可以先有個(gè)賓語，然后才接著加上適當(dāng)?shù)摹耙蓡栐~+不定式動(dòng)詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.
Have you told him where to get the application form?
綜上所述，可見“疑問詞+不定式動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)是個(gè)形象清新，既容易用又不容易出錯(cuò)的特別結(jié)構(gòu)，可以多多運(yùn)用。
垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)
所謂垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)(The Dangling Construction)就是一個(gè)句子成分，如分詞短語，不定式動(dòng)詞短語等，找不到被修飾的主語或被修飾的對象不合邏輯。垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)是種錯(cuò)誤的句法，應(yīng)該避免。
下面是三種常見的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)及其改正方法：
1、垂懸分詞或分詞短語，如：
�、� Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.
這句子里的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(present participial phrase)修飾主語“several boars”是錯(cuò)的;改正方法有二：
(a)確定是邏輯主語，使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”
(b)把現(xiàn)在分詞短語擴(kuò)大為副詞分句(也稱狀語從句)：“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”
2、垂懸副詞短語，如：
② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
這句的副詞短語(adverb phrase)和主語“the fish”有什么邏輯關(guān)系呢?真正的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對。改正方法和例①同：
(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.
(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
3、垂懸不定式動(dòng)詞短語，如：
�、� To write well, a lot of practice is needed.
�、� To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.
這兩個(gè)句子的不定式動(dòng)詞短語(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”，真正的主語必須是“ 人”，如：
(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.
(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.
上述三類垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)中，第一類發(fā)生的頻率最高，必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下，分詞短語是對的，它們并非垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)：
第一，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(The Absolute Construction，見3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語有自己的主語，所以不是垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
�、� Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.
第二，當(dāng)分詞含有介詞或連詞性質(zhì)時(shí)，它不需要邏輯主語，所以沒有垂懸問題存在。例如：
�、� Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.
�、� Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.
第三，當(dāng)分詞短語是用來表示說話者的態(tài)度或意見時(shí)，也不需要邏輯主語，因此也不存在著垂懸問題。例如：
④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.
�、� Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.
形容詞后綴不可亂加
下面這則廣告中的形容詞“irresistable”里的后綴( suffix)不對，應(yīng)該把“-able”改為“-ible”：
“We offer: competitive monthly salary, weekly incentives, attractive transport allowance, incentive trips and irresistable performance bonus.”
到底是“-able”，還是“-ible”?這兩者有何不同?
現(xiàn)在先從形容詞的其他后綴談起。
形容詞后綴分兩大類。一類是加到名詞上的;另一類是加到動(dòng)詞上的。
�、寮拥矫~上的主要有：① -y，如：bloody, dirty, healthy, juicy, muddy; ② -ly，如：costly, friendly, lovely, orderly, timely;③ -ful，如：careful, faithful, helpful, peaceful, useful;④ -less，如：careless, harmless, noiseless, senseless, useless;⑤ -ous/-ious，如：dangerous; courageous, envious, mysterious;⑥ -al/-tal/-ial/-tial，如：accidental, horizontal, colonial, influential;⑦ -ic/-etic/-atic，如：artistic, sympathetic, systematic;⑧ -ish，如：childish, foolish, selfish;⑨ -like，如： life-like, business-like, war-like;⑩ -ed/-en，如：skilled, horned, golden, wooden.
�、婕拥絼�(dòng)詞上的有：① -ent/-ant，如：dependent, different, observant, pleasant;② -able/-ible，如： agreeable, comfortable, defensible, sensible;③ -ive/-tive/-ative/-itive，如：active, attentive, imaginative, sensitive;④ -ed/-en，如：advanced, noted, stolen, swollen;⑤ -ing，如：annoying, disgusting, entertaining.
-able/ible 出現(xiàn)在第二類后綴中，“-able”后綴的形容詞屬英語體系的字：“-ible”后綴的形容詞則來自拉丁體系。前者數(shù)量大，后者數(shù)量少，主要的是下面這些，可以特別留意：
accessible, apprehensible, audible, compatible, contemptible, convertible, corrigible, destructible, digestible, divisible, defensible, edible, eligible, exhaustible, fallible, feasible, flexible, forcible, horrible, illegible, intelligible, negligible, perceptible, possible, responsible, resistible, sensible, suspectible, tangible, terrible, visible.
現(xiàn)在順便把名詞、動(dòng)詞和副詞主要后綴提出，作為參考：
�、琶~后綴
-ment, -t, -ture, -ion/-ition, -al, -ance, -ent, -er, -ant 等。這些名詞后綴都要加到適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞上，如：arrangement、restraint、 fixture、celebration、 extension、competition、renewal、 assistance、 resident、 exporter、 attendant.
-ness, -y/-ty/-ity, -th, -ce/-cy 等，可以加到適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~上如：darkness, kindness, honesty, loyalty, simplicity, truth, warmth, importance, absence, ungency, efficiency.
�、苿�(dòng)詞后綴：
加到名詞上的有 -en, -ise/-ize, -fy, -ate，如：frighten, apologise, beautify, motivate.
加到形容詞上的有 -ise/-ize, -en，如：modernise, realise, brighten, weaken.
�、歉痹~后綴：
-ly，可以加到形容詞和某些名詞上，如：beautifully, clearly, leisurely, weekly.
每個(gè)后綴都有一定的意思，但不能脫離詞根獨(dú)立生存，這點(diǎn)要特別注意，以免犯錯(cuò)。
代名詞不出錯(cuò)
名詞的誤用，特別是代名詞的數(shù)和所指引的主語的數(shù)不符，使得后頭謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)也跟著出差錯(cuò)，真是差之毫厘，失之千里，不可不察。
這里要指出一些方向，以避免因代名詞的錯(cuò)誤而使句子的意思模糊不清。
怎樣避免代名詞的錯(cuò)誤呢?
�、宀灰猛瑐�(gè)代名詞指引兩個(gè)性別一樣的名詞，如：
�、� Mr Li told Mr Lin that he was wrong.
這里的 he 既可指林先生，也可指李先生，含糊不清。應(yīng)該改為 ②或③：
�、� Mr Li said to Mr Lin, "I am wrong."
�、� Mr Li said to Mr Lin, "You are wrong."
�、姹苊獍汛~和它所指引的名詞隔開太遠(yuǎn)，如：
�、� The man leaned over the bench for hours working on the plan. It was too low to be comfortable.
這里的代詞 it 離開名詞 the bench 太遠(yuǎn)，結(jié)果關(guān)系不清楚，因?yàn)樵谖恢蒙希m合指引 the plan.在這種情況下，只好避開 it，而用名詞，即 the bench.
�、绫苊鉃E用指示代詞“this, that”或關(guān)系代詞“who, which, that”泛指上文的內(nèi)容。例如：
�、� Toms brother is an accountant, and this is the profession everyone envies."
這里的 this 指“accountant”�！皶�(huì)計(jì)師”是一種專業(yè)人士，和后頭的“專業(yè)”(profession)并不相稱，因此要把 this 改為 accountancy(會(huì)計(jì)工作)，才合句子的意思。
�、� The profit from the business was large, which I realised sometime later.
這里的“which I realised sometime later”是句形容詞分句，應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在先行詞后面，不應(yīng)該脫離出來而獨(dú)立。如果要用它來修飾全句話，更不合邏輯，應(yīng)該改為⑦或⑧：
�、� I realised sometime later that the profit from the business was large.(主句 + 名詞分句)
�、� The profit from the business was large. I realised this (matter) sometime later.(單句 + 單句)
�、璞苊庥么~“they, you, it”影射腦子里的事物，如：
�、� In Singapore, it relies heavily on tourism as a source of national revenue.
這里的 it 指向什么呢?如果是心目中的“政府”或“旅游促進(jìn)局”，那就要明言，不要用不清不楚的 it：
�、� In Singapore, the government……
In Singapore, the Tourist Promotion Board……
In less industrialised countries, they do not know the problems of urban development.
這里的代名詞 they 是不是指 the people(人民)?如果是就用吧。In less industrialised countries, the people……過后，要再提這主語時(shí)，才用 they：……the people……They are only interested in their daily life.
其實(shí)，在這種主語不詳?shù)那闆r下，被動(dòng)語態(tài)是最好的選擇：
In less industrialised countries, the problems of urban development are not known.
初三英語下冊知識(shí)點(diǎn)：被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
主動(dòng)語態(tài)比被動(dòng)語態(tài)直接而有力，多用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，可以使文章充滿朝氣，呈現(xiàn)活力。在下列兩組句子中， (b)比(a)有力：
(1) a.My first visit to New Zealand will always be remembered by me.
b. I will always remember my first visit to New Zealand.
(2) a.The crowing of cocks could be heard at dawn.
b. The cocks crow came with dawn.
雖然如此，在某些情況下，非用被動(dòng)語態(tài)不可。前此已提過這事，這里不再重述。這里只有指出其中一點(diǎn)，就是有些動(dòng)詞，如 "base, schedule, expect, suppose" 等，通常以被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式出現(xiàn)。
例如：
(1)This survey was based on facts.
(2)The last train is scheduled to leave at 9pm.
(3)You are expected to come on time.
(4)All are supposed to work hard.
除了上述這些動(dòng)詞之外，還有十種，幾乎都以被動(dòng)式出現(xiàn)。
(一)有關(guān)“疾病”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(1)Helens left lung is infected.
(2)He is confined to the house by illness.
(3)The old man was seized with sudden chest pains.
(二)有關(guān)“疲乏”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(4) I am completely exhausted after the game.
(5)Tom was done up after the race.
(三)有關(guān)“喜樂”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(6)The children were fascinated by the toys.
(7)We were delighted to hear the good news.
(8) I am very pleased to see you here.
(四)有關(guān)“延遲”或“障礙”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(9)The workers were held up by the heavy rain.
(10)The road was blocked by ice.
(11)The train was delayed by 30 minutes.
(五)有關(guān)“慣性動(dòng)作”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(12)Tom is addicted to smoking.
(13)Foreign workers are quite used to hard work.
(六)有關(guān)“煩惱”或“焦急”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(14)Who was upset by John?
(15)Mother was annoyed to know this.
(七)有關(guān)“驚奇”或“震驚”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(16) I was surprised to see him here.
(17)All were shocked to hear the bad news.
(八)有關(guān)“包圍”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(18)The troops were surrounded.
(19)Troy was besieged.
(九)有關(guān)“沾污”或“污化”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(20)Judys reputation is tarnished.
(21)The water was contaminated with oil.
(十)有關(guān)“害怕”或“混亂”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(22)All were frightened out of their wits.
(23)He was puzzled about what to do next.
要注意的一點(diǎn)是，上面這十類動(dòng)詞有些已漸漸失去了動(dòng)詞力量，轉(zhuǎn)化為慣用語。
Let引導(dǎo)的祈使句
由"let"帶頭的祈使句(Imperative Sentences)是個(gè)常見的動(dòng)詞句型，它的主要用法有下列三種：
1.表示“建議”。
這個(gè)句型里的"let"后頭緊跟著一個(gè)第一人稱的代詞賓語，如：
(1) Let me try.
(2) Lets do it.
(3) Let me go and look for it.
這個(gè)句型語氣委婉，比直接的祈使句客氣。試比較(4)a和(4)b:
(4) a. Dont disturb him.
b. Lets not disturb him.
(a)是直接命令，語氣強(qiáng)烈，不如(b)溫柔悅耳。
2.表示“間接命令”或“愿望”。
這句型里的動(dòng)詞賓語是第三人稱名詞或代詞，如：
(5) Let Robert take charge of the marketing department.
(6) Let her join our choir.
3.表示“警告”、“蔑視”、“威脅”等。
這種祈使句里的賓語也是第三人稱為主。除了口氣兇悍之外，有時(shí)還語帶諷刺，如：
(7) Let him try and he will expose his inability to work on his own.
(8) Let the invaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time.
用"let"的祈使句時(shí)，必須注意下列幾點(diǎn)：
一、"let" 的否定句有二。如果賓語是第三人稱用"Dont let……"(見例(9));如果賓語是第一人稱，則用"Let……not" (見例(10))：
(9) Dont let this type of things happen again.
(10) Its raining now. Lets not go out until after the rain.
二、"Let"只適用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，可以有被動(dòng)語態(tài) (the passive voice),如：
(11) Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison.
(12) Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted.
三、"Let"后頭除了是不帶"to"的不定式動(dòng)詞 (The infinitive without"to")之外，還可以是某些適當(dāng)?shù)母痹~，如out, in, down, alone等：
(13) Let the puppy out.
(14) Open the windows and let the fresh air in.
(15) The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down.
(16) Let me alone, please.
四、用"Lets"時(shí)，把談話者的對象包括在內(nèi);用"Let us"時(shí)，并不包括對方，如：
(17) Lets try it, shall we?
(18) Let us do it by ourselves, will you?
從(17)里的"shall we"和(18)里的"will you"，不難知道前者包括聽話人，后者并沒有。
連接詞及其用法
從結(jié)構(gòu)上說，英語連接詞分兩大類：并列連詞(coordinating conjunctions)和從屬連詞(subordinating conjunctions)。
并列連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上地位平等的字、詞組或分句。例如：(1) Air and water are indispensable to me.
(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.
(3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.
從屬連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分句，形成復(fù)雜句中的從屬分句。例如：
(4) He said that he did not want to go .
(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.
(6) You may come if you want to.
上述連詞的用法，看起來不難，但錯(cuò)誤也難免。下面是些好例子：
(1) This book may be used both as a text as well as a reference book.
這里的“as well as”和“both”不能搭配，應(yīng)該將“as well ”改為“and”，使“both……and……”變成關(guān)聯(lián)連詞( correlative conjunction)
(2) He not only speaks Mandarin but also English.
這里的“not only”應(yīng)該移到“speaks”后面，使這個(gè)動(dòng)詞兼顧兩個(gè)等立賓語：“Mandarin”和“English”。
(3) Although he is fat, but he is very weak.
英語里的“although”和“but”是不見面的 ，因此這句里的“ but”要去掉，不然“although”就要出來。
(4) Jim is not so strong like you.
這里的“not so”必須和“as”連成一體;介詞“l(fā)ike”是不適宜的。
(5) No sooner had we reached our destination, they left.
"No sooner"必須和"than" 配成關(guān)聯(lián)連詞，把"than" 省掉是不對的，應(yīng)該補(bǔ)上：
No sooner had we reached our destination than they left.
這句子的意思也可透過“as soon as”反映出來：
“As soon as we reached our destination, they left.”
(6) I took a taxi and which took me to the station.
這里的并列連詞“and”是多余的，必須去掉。如果要保留“and ”也可，但是形容詞分句里的關(guān)系代詞“Which”要改成主語“it” ，使整個(gè)句子變成并列分句如下：
I took a taxi and it took me to the station.
(7) My friend came up to me and held my hand, said good-bye excitedly.
這里的“and”應(yīng)該用來連接最后兩個(gè)謂語才對：
My friend came up to me, held my hand, and said good-bye excitedly.
不然，就要把“said”改成“saying”。
My friend came up to me and held my hand, saying good-bye excitedly.
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