英語(yǔ)中長(zhǎng)句的翻譯技巧
英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)作為兩種不同的語(yǔ)言體系,在結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)方面存在很大的差異。英語(yǔ)注意形合,漢語(yǔ)注重意合。以下是小編為大家整理的英語(yǔ)中長(zhǎng)句的翻譯技巧,歡迎大家分享。
1. 何謂長(zhǎng)句
所謂長(zhǎng)句,主要指語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、修飾成分較多、內(nèi)容層次在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的復(fù)合句,亦可指含義較多的簡(jiǎn)單句。
2、漢英長(zhǎng)句比較
英、漢兩種語(yǔ)言在句法上存在差異,英語(yǔ)多為形合句,漢語(yǔ)多為意合句。漢語(yǔ)句子多屬于緊縮型,英語(yǔ)的句子多屬于擴(kuò)展型.英語(yǔ)修辭語(yǔ)位置相對(duì)靈活,前置后置,比較自如,尤其傾向于后置,十分有利于句子的擴(kuò)展。英語(yǔ)句子較長(zhǎng),且較多使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞和從句。多種從句(主語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)從句)并存的長(zhǎng)句比比皆是。因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,層次變化多樣,容易產(chǎn)生誤解,所以英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句翻譯成為難點(diǎn)。
3、英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析
在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法:
(1) 找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)(主干/句), 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2) 找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
(3) 分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能, 例如, 是否為主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句等,若是狀語(yǔ), 它是表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。
(4) 分析詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等。
(5) 注意插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。
例:Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
分析: (1) 該句的主語(yǔ)為behaviorists, 謂語(yǔ)為suggest, 賓語(yǔ)為一個(gè)從句, 因此整個(gè)句子為Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2) 該句共有五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等。
譯文:行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平
4. 翻譯方法
4 . 1 順譯法 Synchronizing
有些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句敘述的一連串動(dòng)作按發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后安排,或按邏輯關(guān)系安排,與漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式比較一致,可按原文順序譯出。
例(1)In international buying and selling of goods, there are a number of risks, which, if they occur, will involve traders in financial losses.
(在)國(guó)際貿(mào)易貨物的買賣(中)存在著各種各樣的.風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的發(fā)生將會(huì)給(有關(guān)的)商人們帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
例(2)
(1)In Africa I met a boy,(2) who was crying as if his heart would break and said,(3)when I spoke
to him,(4)that he was hungry ,(5) because he had had no food for two days.
(1)在非洲,我遇到一個(gè)小孩,(2)他哭得很傷心。(3)我問(wèn)他為什么哭,(4)他說(shuō)肚子餓,(5)兩天沒(méi)有吃東西了。
例(3)The world is undergoing profound changes: the integration of economy with science and technology is increasing, the restructuring of the world economy is speeding up, and economic prosperity depends not only on the total volume of resources and capital, but also directly on the accumulation and application of technological knowledge and information.
譯文:世界正在發(fā)生深刻的變化:經(jīng)濟(jì)與科學(xué)技術(shù)的結(jié)合與日俱增;世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的重組加快步伐;經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮不僅僅取決于資源和資本的總量,而且直接有賴于技術(shù)知識(shí)和信息的積累及其應(yīng)用。
4.2 逆譯法 Reversing
“逆譯法”又稱“倒置譯法”,主要指句子的前后倒置問(wèn)題。有些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣不同,甚至語(yǔ)序完全相反。因?yàn)椋?/p>
表現(xiàn)在因果關(guān)系上,英語(yǔ)常常從果到因,強(qiáng)調(diào)果對(duì)主體的影響,而漢語(yǔ)則從因到果順理推移,從解釋到結(jié)論,從條件到結(jié)果。
在敘和議的關(guān)系上,英語(yǔ)一般先表態(tài)后敘事,而漢語(yǔ)一般先交代事情,后發(fā)表議論。 翻譯時(shí),我們必須從原文的后面譯起,逆著原文的順序翻譯。
例(1)His delegation welcomed the fact that UNDP was prepared to respond to emergency needs as they rose, despite the basically long-term operations that characterized those programs.
盡管聯(lián)合國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃署的特點(diǎn)是開(kāi)展長(zhǎng)期業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng),但是該機(jī)構(gòu)也作了應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備,對(duì)此,他的代表團(tuán)表示歡迎。
例(2)
This will remain true whether we are dealing with the application of psychology to advertising and political propaganda, or of engineering to the mass media of communication, or of medical science to the problem of overpopulation or old age.
無(wú)論我們說(shuō)的是把心理學(xué)應(yīng)用于廣告宣傳和政治宣傳,還是把工程學(xué)應(yīng)用于大眾傳播媒體,或是把醫(yī)學(xué)運(yùn)用于人口過(guò)剩問(wèn)題和老年問(wèn)題,這種情況總是如此。
例(3)
It should be the pressing task in international postal cooperation to actively help developing countries overcome difficulties in their development of postal services and to energetically narrow the gap between the developing and the developed countries in this field.
積極幫助發(fā)展中國(guó)家克服郵政建設(shè)中面臨的困難,努力縮小發(fā)展中國(guó)家與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在郵政領(lǐng)域的差距,應(yīng)成為國(guó)際郵政合作的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
例(4)
It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.
一旦了解英語(yǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學(xué)似乎就越來(lái)越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。
例(5)
Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
假如沒(méi)有那些以昆蟲(chóng)為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們, 昆蟲(chóng)將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜,使我們不能生存于世。
例(6)
Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。
4.3 拆離法 Splitting
The so-called splitting means taking certain elements ( clause , phrase , or word ) out of a sentence and treating them separately. This technique is usually adopted when both cutting and embedding fail to work in dealing with long and complex sentences.
有時(shí)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句中主語(yǔ)或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語(yǔ)多用短句的習(xí)慣, 把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語(yǔ)化成句子, 分開(kāi)來(lái)敘述,為了使語(yǔ)意連貫, 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)。
Example(1)
The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.
原譯:沒(méi)有閱讀能力的美國(guó)青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。
改譯:大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力, 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。
例(2) This year the estimated auto production is 40 million, and we can safely assume that even this tremendous number is likely to increase.
例(2) This year the estimated auto production is 40 million, and we can safely assume that even this tremendous number is likely to increase.
今年的汽車產(chǎn)量估計(jì)是四千萬(wàn)輛。這個(gè)數(shù)字雖然很大了,但可能還要增加。我們這么估計(jì)是有把握的。
例(3)Those Chinese scientists in Silicon Valley are understandably proud of their achievements. 例(3)Those Chinese scientists in Silicon Valley are understandably proud of their achievements.
可以理解的是那些在硅谷工作的中國(guó)科學(xué)家們對(duì)他們?nèi)〉玫某删透械胶茏院馈?/p>
The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing , which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw.
外賓觀看了在北京舉行的這場(chǎng)錦標(biāo)賽。這場(chǎng)比賽在發(fā)兇狠球、旋轉(zhuǎn)球、低慢球、高拋球及扣殺方面技術(shù)都十分精湛, 最后打成平局。他們看得簡(jiǎn)直著迷了。 ( Splitting phrases )
4.4 切分法 Cutting
Sometimes, however, English modifiers are too long to be placed before the word being modified in the Chinese version. In this case, we have to resort to some other means---- most conveniently, cutting. By means of cutting, we may sever a long English sentence and rearrange the parts in sense groups, and then translate them separately into Chinese.
1). Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.
人類把自己和其他動(dòng)物區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。與此同時(shí), 人類還具有觀察和了解周圍環(huán)境的能力。他們要么適應(yīng)環(huán)境, 要么控制環(huán)境, 或根據(jù)自身的需要改造環(huán)境。人類就這樣一代代地生存下來(lái)。
例(2)The medical waste that has fouled beaches in the New York region at the peak of the
summer season has taken its toll on business all along the shore, driving vacationers away both from beaches that have been closed and from those that have remained open.( cutting )
醫(yī)療用品生產(chǎn)商的廢棄物污染了紐約地區(qū)的海濱。時(shí)值盛夏,一些海濱浴場(chǎng)關(guān)閉了, 趕走了大批度假者, 而仍然開(kāi)放的一些海濱浴場(chǎng)也門(mén)可羅雀。這使海濱區(qū)的商業(yè)蒙受嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。 例(3)World Bank Managing Director Richard Frank said in a statement that the $52 billion international rescue package assembled by the Clinton administration-which includes $17 billion from the International Monetary Fund—would meet Mexico’s short-term financial crisis, which blew up after the government devalued the peso in December.
譯文:世界銀行行長(zhǎng)理查德·弗蘭克在一項(xiàng)聲明中說(shuō),由美國(guó)克林頓政府組織籌集的520億美元的國(guó)際援助貸款,其中包括國(guó)際貨幣基金組織提供的170 億美元貸款,將用于解決墨西哥目前面臨的短期金融危機(jī);這次危機(jī)是由于墨西哥政府在12月將墨西哥比索貶值后而引發(fā)的。
4.4 綜合法 Recasting
在翻譯一個(gè)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析, 或按照時(shí)間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合, 主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語(yǔ)原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語(yǔ)句子。
例(1)Computer language may range from detailed low level close to that immediately understood by particular computer, to the sophisticated high level which can be rendered automatically acceptable to wide range of computers.
譯文:計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言有低級(jí)也有高級(jí)的。前者比較繁瑣,很接近于特定計(jì)算機(jī)直接能懂的語(yǔ)言;后者比較復(fù)雜,適應(yīng)范圍廣,能自動(dòng)為多種計(jì)算機(jī)所接受。
例(2)Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.
到目前為止, 經(jīng)歷了18和19兩個(gè)世紀(jì), 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)、商業(yè)往來(lái)、政府部門(mén)以及娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所都集中在城市的中心地區(qū)。
例(3)Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.
對(duì)于現(xiàn)代書(shū)籍, 特別是教科書(shū)來(lái)說(shuō), 要是作者希望自己書(shū)中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話, 那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時(shí)間, 將書(shū)中的內(nèi)容重新修改。
例(4) Complaints of poverty of poets are as old as their art, but I never heard that they wrote the worse verses for it. It is enough, probably , to call forth their most vigorous efforts , that poetry is admired and honored by their countrymen.
例(5)Complaints of poverty of poets are as old as their art, but I never heard that they wrote the worse verses for it. It is enough, probably , to call forth their most vigorous efforts , that poetry is admired and honored by their countrymen.
自古以來(lái),詩(shī)人即以貧困而怨訴不絕。但因貧而不功于藝者,于我則聞所未聞。蓋天下愛(ài)詩(shī)而敬之,則詩(shī)人雖盡其才力仍因以自己安慰自己。這大概就是原因所在吧。
擴(kuò)展資料
考研英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的英語(yǔ)翻譯技巧
詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法
由于英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)是兩中懸殊甚大的不同的語(yǔ)言體系,所以在語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與表達(dá)方式上都存在很大的差異,這就要求我們對(duì)原文中的一些詞語(yǔ)的詞性進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化(如:動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞等),才能使譯文暢通。例如:
The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.
當(dāng)今世界的科學(xué)技術(shù)正在迅速地發(fā)展。
。 分析 ] 將句中的形容詞 rapid 轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)中的副詞。
增補(bǔ)法
有些英語(yǔ)字句如果照字面的意思翻譯,意念是不完整的,必須根據(jù)意義、修辭或句法的需要增補(bǔ)一些漢語(yǔ),才能更加忠實(shí)于原文,使原文的思想更完整地再現(xiàn)。例如:
We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is generally present, especially in cities.
我們需要清新的空氣,但遺憾的是,空氣污染普遍存在,在城市中尤其如此。
。 分析 ] 本句為了避免尤其是在城市里的表達(dá)不完整,增加了如此。
省譯法
由于英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在用詞和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異,原文中的某些詞如果直譯出來(lái)會(huì)使譯文顯得累贅,不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。在這種情況下,就要省略一些冠詞、代詞、介詞或連詞等省去不譯,但是不能影響原文的意義表達(dá)。例如:
There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
天未下雪,但葉落草枯。
。 分析 ] 在漢語(yǔ)中葉落的概念非常清楚,所以省譯了 from the trees 。
順譯法
也就是說(shuō)按照英語(yǔ)表達(dá)的層次順序,依次翻譯英語(yǔ)句子,從而使譯文與英語(yǔ)原文的順序基本一致。例如:
He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile.
他看得出,她一生含辛茹苦,如今苦盡甘來(lái),嘴邊總是帶著溫柔、圣潔的微笑。
。 分析 ] 英語(yǔ)句子的順序,從意思上講,與漢語(yǔ)句子的順序是一致的。
逆譯法
也就是對(duì)于句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的英語(yǔ)句子,可以先翻譯全句的后部,在依次向前逆序翻譯前面的句子。例如:
It is our task to build up a nuclear power station somewhere by the end of this year.
我們的任務(wù)是于今年年底在某地建成一座原子能發(fā)電站。
。 分析 ] 翻譯英語(yǔ)里面的一系列狀語(yǔ)時(shí),必須按照時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和方式狀語(yǔ)的順序漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣表達(dá)習(xí)慣來(lái)組織語(yǔ)句。
分譯法
也就是采取化整為零的方法將整個(gè)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句翻譯為幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子,順序基本不變,前后保持連貫。例如:
At the meeting decision was made to transfer a part of the students to another school.
會(huì)議上作出一項(xiàng)決定,把一部分學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)到另一所學(xué)校去。
。 分析 ] 本句的主語(yǔ)的后置定語(yǔ)比較長(zhǎng),而謂語(yǔ)很短,為了使句子結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱,避免頭重腳輕的現(xiàn)象,就把后面的不定式與主句分開(kāi)翻譯了。
綜合法
也就是說(shuō)翻譯時(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)推敲,或按照時(shí)間先后,或按照邏輯順序,有順有逆、有主有次地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的字面意思不完全對(duì)應(yīng),但是內(nèi)涵是相同的。例如: One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japan’s acute population pressure by imagining what Switzerland would be like if that small and mountainous country were inhabited by 28 million people instead of the 5.7 million at present. 只要設(shè)想一下,假若那小小的瑞士居住的人口不是現(xiàn)在的五百七十萬(wàn),而是兩千八百萬(wàn),瑞士會(huì)是什么情景,人民便會(huì)清楚地理解日本所面臨的人口壓力是多么大。
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