英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:定語(yǔ)從句
學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句免不了要進(jìn)行句法結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)法成分的分析,而這往往是學(xué)生的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),故此,在學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句之前,學(xué)生應(yīng)打好兩方面的基礎(chǔ):
一、吃透句子成分,能找出簡(jiǎn)單句中的主、賓、表、定語(yǔ)及狀語(yǔ)等成分。
主語(yǔ):
主語(yǔ) (Subject) 是一個(gè)句子的主體,一般位于句首。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等均可用作主語(yǔ)。例如:
I’m fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. 我喜歡姐姐,但她有個(gè)嚴(yán)重的缺點(diǎn)。 (人教①U3)
My background is traditional Chinese music. 我的背景是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)音樂(lè)。 (外研⑥M4)
To find a best friend is difficult. 找到一個(gè)好朋友不容易。 (譯林⑤U1)
No one knows for sure, and making predictions is a risky business. 誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不準(zhǔn),并且預(yù)測(cè)也是件冒險(xiǎn)的事。 (外研④M1)
What is even more unbelievable is the fact that some murderers are let out of prison after three or four years. 更不可思議的是一些殺人犯三四年后獲釋出獄。 (北師大⑧U24)
賓語(yǔ):
賓語(yǔ) (Object) 是動(dòng)作的承受者,一般位于及物動(dòng)詞之后。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等均可用作賓語(yǔ)。例如:
We often do homework together and we enjoy helping each other. 我們經(jīng)常一起做作業(yè),樂(lè)于彼此幫忙。 (人教①U1)
He also writes film music. 他也寫影視音樂(lè)。 (外研②M3)
I’ve tried and failed to make paper with all these plants. 我嘗試了,但是用所有這些植物也沒能造成紙。 (譯林②U3)
I hope I can go there to study. 我希望能去那里學(xué)習(xí)。 (北師大⑤U13)
注:表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)及狀語(yǔ)等詳見《新課標(biāo)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》
二、學(xué)好簡(jiǎn)單句,在簡(jiǎn)單句中深入認(rèn)識(shí)及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。英語(yǔ)的句子根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)可分為三種類型:簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。簡(jiǎn)單句有六種基本句型,英語(yǔ)里形形色色、千變?nèi)f化的句子皆由這六種基本句型演變而來(lái)。學(xué)好簡(jiǎn)單句是學(xué)好并列句和復(fù)合句的.前提。
1. 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)
這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語(yǔ)一般由不及物動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。例如:
Mrs. Black and her children talked and laughed. 布萊克夫人和她的孩子們有說(shuō)有笑。
Over 500 types of native American animals and plants have disappeared. 美洲已有500多種本土動(dòng)植物消失。
2. 主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)
常見的系動(dòng)詞有:be (是),become (變成),seem (看起來(lái)),appear (顯得),get (變得),grow (變得),turn (變成),remain (仍然是),come (變得),fall (變得), hold (保持),keep (保持),stand (保持),stay (保持),smell (聞起來(lái)),look (看上去), sound (聽起來(lái)),taste (嘗起來(lái)),feel (摸起來(lái))等。例如:
It is a way of thinking. 這是一種思考方式。 (人教②U5)
Its walls remain as good as before. 城墻仍然和以前一樣好。 (人教②U1)
All of the food looks, smells and tastes wonderful. 所有食物都色、香、味俱佳。
3. 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)
這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語(yǔ)一般由及物動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。例如:
The museum also has an excellent restaurant. 博物館里還有一家極好的餐館。 (人教⑥U1)
I like taking risks. 我喜歡冒險(xiǎn)。 (北師大⑤U14)
The rapid development of tourism has created many job opportunities. 旅游業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了很多工作機(jī)會(huì)。
4. 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)
直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)合稱為雙賓語(yǔ),間接賓語(yǔ)一般為人,直接賓語(yǔ)一般為物。常見的能帶雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞有:give, bring, tell, send, leave, pass, read, write, take, wish, show, offer,teach, get, award, lend, rent, buy, pay, hand, recommend 等。例如:
One day, he offered me some crack co caine. 一天,他給了我一些強(qiáng)效。 (外研②M2)
I’ll lend you something to read. 我借些書給你看。
You gave me some good advice. 你給了我一些好建議。 (譯林①U2)
5. 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)合稱為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),常見的帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的及物動(dòng)詞有:elect, feel,find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, make, notice, see, let, smell, start, watch, appoint, believe, call, catch, allow, ask, cause, consider, expect, know, tell, think, want, wish, listen to, look at等。例如:
I didn’t want all three men to die. 我不想那三個(gè)人死。 (外研⑤M3)
My wife calls me a “movie fan”. 我妻子稱我為“電影迷”。 (北師大①U1)
I saw them walking across the road. 我看到他們穿過(guò)那條馬路。
We’ll have the room redecorated. 我們會(huì)請(qǐng)人把房間重新裝修一下。
6. there be 句型
there be句型常用來(lái)表示“在某地 / 某時(shí)有某物 / 某人”。 在此句型中,there是引導(dǎo)詞,無(wú)實(shí)義,其主語(yǔ)是be動(dòng)詞之后的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。be在人稱和數(shù)上應(yīng)和其后的主語(yǔ)(名詞) 保持一致,即主語(yǔ)是不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)用單數(shù),復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)。若be后有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與鄰近的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致。例如:
There is a pen and some books on the desk. 書桌上有支鋼筆和幾本書。
In Indonesia there is a wildlife park for endangered animals. 在印度尼西亞有一個(gè)野
生動(dòng)物園,它是專門為瀕臨絕種的動(dòng)物設(shè)立的。 (人教②U4)
該句型中的謂語(yǔ)有時(shí)用used to be, seem to be, appear to be, happen to be等詞組表示。
例如:
There used to be a castle at the foot of the hill. 過(guò)去山腳下有一個(gè)城堡。
There seems (to be) something wrong about it. 好像有點(diǎn)不大對(duì)頭。
There happened to be nobody in the room. 恰好那時(shí)候房里沒人。
解題方法
一、選準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞
在定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞都代替先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分,如果該從句中缺少主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ),就要用關(guān)系代詞來(lái)連接從句;如果從句中缺少狀語(yǔ),就得用關(guān)系副詞來(lái)連接從句。例如:
(1) I still remember the days which / that we spent together.
(2) I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解僅用that 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句的幾種情況
that 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情況下,只能用that 來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句:
1. 先行詞是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代詞時(shí)。例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy?
2. 先行詞被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等詞修飾或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定詞修飾時(shí)。例如:
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is ofgreathelp.
3. 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)。例如:
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。例如:
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5. 先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。例如:
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6. 主句是who 或which 引導(dǎo)的特殊問(wèn)句時(shí)。例如:
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?
三、把握“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選用
介詞的選擇與主句中先行詞的搭配密切相關(guān)。例如:
That's the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意:
1. 定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞應(yīng)放在動(dòng)詞之后,不能拆開放在關(guān)系代詞前。例如:
This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2. 該結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom,指物時(shí)用which.
四、弄清as 和which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句指代整體時(shí)的區(qū)別
1
位置上的區(qū)別:
as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的位置比較靈活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,還可插在主句的中間;而which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。例如:
As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2
詞義與聯(lián)系上的區(qū)別:
as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間有著較為密切的上下文聯(lián)系,as 本身含有“正如”之意;而which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間在邏輯意義上近似并列句,which 本身表示“這”或“這一點(diǎn)”之意。例如:
Light travels faster than sound, as we all know.
Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定語(yǔ)從句的主謂一致性
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)必須與先行詞保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如:
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免從句成分的重疊
1. 在定語(yǔ)從句中,不管出現(xiàn)任何情況,主句的結(jié)構(gòu)必須完整,即主句必須有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),缺一不可,否則,整個(gè)主從復(fù)合句就無(wú)法成立。試比較:
(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week?
(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week?
A. which B. where C. what D. the one
分析:
第一題缺少表語(yǔ),只有填D項(xiàng)才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的選項(xiàng)均為干擾項(xiàng)。
第二題主句本身完整,應(yīng)填的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作visited 的賓語(yǔ),故應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。
2. 從定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞已經(jīng)代替先行詞獨(dú)立地或與相應(yīng)的介詞一起在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)了一定的成分,因此在定語(yǔ)從句中就不能再出現(xiàn)與關(guān)系代(副)詞重疊的成分。例如:
錯(cuò)句:Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?
分析:該題中that 已經(jīng)代替先行詞the train 在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞took 的賓語(yǔ),故重疊出現(xiàn)的賓語(yǔ)it必須刪去。
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