考研英語(yǔ)否定形式應(yīng)該怎么翻譯
考研英語(yǔ)英譯漢翻譯時(shí)，對(duì)于否定結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯一定要用心，需要掌握好它的重點(diǎn)。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)否定形式的復(fù)習(xí)指南，歡迎大家前來(lái)閱讀。
考研英語(yǔ)否定形式的翻譯法
一、全部否定
例如：Nor, as things are, could the actual study of science easily be separated from technology, on which it has come to depend rather intimately for materials and apparatus. 本句是全部否定。Nor, neither, never等詞由于句首要倒裝，且表示對(duì)全句的全部否定，翻譯時(shí)將否定移回原位。本句中主句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，譯成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);定語(yǔ)從句很長(zhǎng)，而且與原句具有某種因果關(guān)系，所以單獨(dú)翻譯;depend on的on被提前。參考譯文：就目前的情況來(lái)看，很難把實(shí)際的科學(xué)研究和技術(shù)分開(kāi)，因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)已經(jīng)非常依賴技術(shù)來(lái)獲得材料和儀器。
二、部分否定
例如：Not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates. 本句是部分否定句。英語(yǔ)中，有些句型，比如：all...not, not all, every...not, not every, both...not等，都是表示部分否定，可以翻譯成"并不都......"。但是，需要注意no, none, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的是全部否定。例如：No two people think alike.(沒(méi)有兩個(gè)人的想法是一樣的。)因此前面的例句可以翻譯成：并不是所有進(jìn)入葉子的二氧化碳都化合為碳水化合物。
三、雙重否定
例如：Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized. 本句是雙重否定句，可以翻譯成：它的意義和重要性， 不管無(wú)論如何強(qiáng)調(diào)，都不算過(guò)分。英語(yǔ)中，兩個(gè)表示否定意義的詞用在同一句話中，實(shí)際上整句話表肯定。此外，還有一些固定的句型，比如cannot / hardly / scarcely...enough / too / over+動(dòng)詞(無(wú)論怎么......也不過(guò)分......)， only too...to (非常)，cannot but(不會(huì)不，一定會(huì))等表示肯定。比如：We are only too willing to do it for you. (我們非常愿意為你做這件事。)
四、形肯實(shí)否
例如： Time is what we want most, but what many use worst. 我們最缺少時(shí)間，但偏偏許多人最不善于利用時(shí)間。
五、形否實(shí)肯
例如：He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. 他馬馬虎虎地看了看那張便條就走了。
六、否定轉(zhuǎn)移
例如：Don't scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 否定轉(zhuǎn)移是指形式上看起來(lái)是否定某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)或主句，但實(shí)際上是否定另外的詞語(yǔ)或從句。因此例句可以翻譯成：不要因?yàn)闀r(shí)間緊張就敷衍塞責(zé)。最常見(jiàn)的`是"主語(yǔ) + don't think + 從句 (否定從句)"，"not...because / because of...(否定because / because of )"等。對(duì)于否定轉(zhuǎn)移，翻譯時(shí)要把否定轉(zhuǎn)回原位。本句中，not否定的是because從句，所以翻譯時(shí)要把not還原到because從句上。
七、排除否定
As they expected to be away from the steamer only a few hours, they took enough food for one meal only and no extra clothing beyond what they stood up in. 本句是排除否定。所謂排除否定，就是指該句中有一部分是否定，有一部分是肯定。通常地，會(huì)用一些介詞或連詞等來(lái)排除掉其所引導(dǎo)或連接的部分。常見(jiàn)的引導(dǎo)詞有：beyond (除了)、other than(除了)、except (除了)、nothing more than (僅僅)等。該句中是用beyond引導(dǎo)的排除否定，排除掉其后的what they stood up in;由于本句前面有no,也可以看成是no和beyond的雙重否定表肯定。 以上例句可以翻譯成：因?yàn)樗麄児烙?jì)離開(kāi)輪船只有幾個(gè)小時(shí)，所以只帶了一頓飯的食物和身上穿的衣服/所以只帶了一頓飯的食物，除了身上穿的之外，沒(méi)有多帶衣服。
考研英語(yǔ)提升寫作能力的方法
1. 背記：
背什么?第一、背閱讀理解等材料里面的成語(yǔ)、慣用句式或段落。第二、背教師給的范文的框架、句型、段落。眾所周知，讀、寫是培養(yǎng)書面交際能力。讀、寫既互相區(qū)別，又互相聯(lián)系。研究生英語(yǔ)入學(xué)考試的短文寫作是測(cè)試考生書面表達(dá)的一般能力。要提高書面表達(dá)能力， 必須多讀、多背。多讀、多背是解決語(yǔ)言知識(shí)問(wèn)題。近代英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家帕麥爾 (H. E. Palmer) 在所著的《The Oral Method of Teaching Languages》一書中說(shuō)過(guò)這樣一段話：“The study of a language is in its essence a series of acts of memorizing; whether we are concerned with isolated words, with word-groups, with meanings or with the phenomena of grammar, the fact remains that successful memorizing is the basis of all process�！�(學(xué)習(xí)一種語(yǔ)言，從本質(zhì)上說(shuō)， 是一系列的記憶活動(dòng)，不管我們所涉及的是孤立的單詞、詞組、詞義或語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象，事實(shí)總是這樣：記憶是一切成功的基礎(chǔ)。) 這段話告訴我們，熟記是學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)能否成功的關(guān)鍵，記多少就能用多少;什么也不記，就聽(tīng)不懂，說(shuō)不出，也就談不上寫作了。考生在準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)試過(guò)程中的背記范文是非常重要的。
2. 改寫：
所謂“改寫”就是根據(jù)命題要求對(duì)背過(guò)的語(yǔ)言材料進(jìn)行去粗取精、去偽存真的模仿練習(xí)。這是培養(yǎng)寫作技能熟巧問(wèn)題的必經(jīng)之路。在這方面，考生應(yīng)多做句子、段落和短文的漢譯英練習(xí)，對(duì)照答案反復(fù)推敲，悟出道理來(lái)，才能心領(lǐng)神會(huì)、模仿套用。至于練習(xí)英語(yǔ)寫作，可以先練習(xí)寫文章摘要、大意和小結(jié)，進(jìn)而改寫已有的范文和書信，逐漸過(guò)渡到獨(dú)立寫作。如無(wú)教師指導(dǎo)，就應(yīng)盡量多查語(yǔ)言工具書，以減少語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。
3. 套用：
練習(xí)性寫作和考研寫作一樣，把熟練背記的詞匯、成語(yǔ)、句型按提綱、漫畫和提示的要求進(jìn)行造句、組段，以便寫出一篇比較規(guī)范的短文。這就叫套用。
練習(xí)寫作要有決心、信心和恒心。要日積月累、細(xì)水長(zhǎng)流、堅(jiān)持不斷。要以滴水穿石的精神去背記、改寫和套用。相信最后你的作文水平一定會(huì)有質(zhì)的飛躍
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀：議論文如何快速定位論點(diǎn)論據(jù)
1.若前面有完整句子。后以for example、take sth for example 、such as 、take 、consider、like 等開(kāi)始的，一直到點(diǎn)號(hào)結(jié)束，中間都不用讀，括號(hào)括起來(lái)，括號(hào)內(nèi)容為論據(jù)。前一句話為論據(jù)。此情況出現(xiàn)頻率極高。這一技巧，在閱讀理解和新題型中都是適用的。
"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."(1994年)
2.若前面有完整句子。后面馬上出現(xiàn)引號(hào)引用某人的話，那后面的引用一定為論據(jù)，不用讀。
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."(1996)那這段話中就只用讀第一句。
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process … The designer and the inventor … are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."(1996)這段話也只用讀第一句。
3. 抽象觀點(diǎn)或概念后，有具體例子。例子為論據(jù)。這是一種頻率高但是很容易忽略的點(diǎn)。希望大家好好練習(xí)：
But the tide is unlikely to turn back, In Australia - where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part - other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
在這一小段話中。In Australia與 In the US and Canada并列，同時(shí)也是前一句話tide趨勢(shì)這一抽象概念的2個(gè)具體例子。
4. 某句后有人名，數(shù)字，時(shí)間等列舉。列舉點(diǎn)一定是論據(jù)。
The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
那這段話就只用讀第一句。
Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.
Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance cashing."
那這2段話該怎么分析呢?我們可以看到第二段出現(xiàn)了2個(gè)人，也就是說(shuō)整個(gè)第二段都是人名的列舉。都是例子都不需要讀。
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